The Urinary System Chapter
After reading and studying this chapter, the successful student should be able to:
- Name and describe the organs of the urinary system and discuss the major functions of the system.
- Describe the gross structural features of the kidneys.
- Describe the internal anatomy of the kidneys and distinguish between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
- Describe the regions of the nephron and collecting system, including their general functions and histological appearances.
- Trace the pathway of blood flow through a kidney and compare the patter of blood flow in cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
- Describe the structural features of the renal corpuscle and explain the functions of the filtration membrane components.
- List and describe the factors that influence glomerular filtration rates and filtrate production.
- Identify the types of transport mechanisms found along the PCT and DCT.
- Describe how hormones affect urine volume and concentrations.
The Urinary System Chapter
- Summarize the major steps involved in water reabsorption and urine production.,
- Describe the structures and functions of the ureters urinary bladder and urethra.,
- Discuss the roles of local and central pathways in urination and describe the micturition reflex.,
- Describe common urinary disorders related to output and frequency.,
- Identify the distribution of water in the body and name the major cation and anion in each type of body fluid.,
- Explain what is meant by fluid balance and discuss its importance for homeostasis.,
- Summarize the relationship between sodium and water in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.,
- Explain what is meant by mineral balance and discuss its importance for homeostasis.,
- Explain factors that control potassium balance and discuss hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.,
- Describe the regulation of calcium balance and the two hormones that control it.,
- Describe the regulation of chloride and phosphate balance.
- Identify the homeostatic ranges for sodium, potassium, phosphate, chloride, magnesium, and protein.
- Explain the role of buffer systems in maintaining acid-base balance and pH.
- Describe the three chemical buffering systems and identify whether they buffer intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid.
The Urinary System Chapter
- Name the weak acid and weak base for the three chemical buffering systems.
- Describe the compensatory mechanisms involved in the maintenance of acid-base balance.
- Describe respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis including the causes and compensations.
- Describe metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis including the causes and compensations.