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Diamond’s Collapse Framework

Please answer at least one of the following questions:

1. Diamond proposes that the processes through which past and present societies have undermined themselves by damaging their environments fall into 12 types (8 relate to past societies, while 4 apply to more contemporary societies). Identify and briefly describe the 12 problems. Summarize the general trajectory of past collapses. Choose 3 categories and provide examples of each from the readings.
2. Describe and discuss Diamond’s 5-point framework for analyzing societal collapse. Please be specific and provide at least one example for each problem from the readings and/or your own knowledge and experience, define pertinent terms.
3. Please describe the different types of agriculture. Discuss the ways in which the Anasazi and their neighbors used agriculture and its results, according to Diamond. Please be specific and give examples from the readings and lecture. Diamond’s Collapse Framework

• Identify and briefly describe the 12 problems Diamond proposes about societies undermining themselves.,

• Summarize the general trajectory of past collapses.,

• Choose 3 categories and provide examples of each from the readings.,

• Describe and discuss Diamond’s 5-point framework for analyzing societal collapse.,

• Please describe the different types of agriculture and how the Anasazi and their neighbors used agriculture.

Comprehensive Answer:

I will focus on Diamond’s 5-point framework for analyzing societal collapse, which he outlines in Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. This framework helps explain why some societies survive while others decline, emphasizing the interaction between human decision-making, environmental constraints, and external pressures.

1. Environmental Damage (Ecological Stressors):
   This refers to the ways societies harm their own resource base—through deforestation, soil degradation, overhunting, or water mismanagement. For example, the Easter Islanders cut down nearly all their trees, leaving themselves without timber for canoes or for transporting large statues, which contributed to their collapse.

2. Climate Change:
   Diamond highlights that natural shifts in climate—warming, cooling, droughts, or floods—can destabilize societies. A case is the Norse settlements in Greenland, which collapsed partly due to the “Little Ice Age” that shortened growing seasons and made livestock raising unsustainable.

3. Hostile Neighbors:
   External threats, such as warfare or invasion, can destabilize already fragile societies. The Classic Maya experienced intensified conflict among city-states, which, combined with drought and resource strain, accelerated their decline.

4. Loss of Friendly Trade Partners:
   Societies often rely on trade for vital resources they cannot produce locally. When those networks fail, vulnerability increases. For example, the Norse Greenlanders depended on trade with Norway for supplies; when trade faltered due to shifting European politics and economic changes, their isolation deepened.

5. Societal Responses to Problems:
   Perhaps the most decisive factor is whether a society recognizes its problems and adapts effectively. Some societies succeed by making difficult choices—such as Tokugawa Japan, which imposed strict forest management to prevent deforestation. Others, like the Norse in Greenland, clung to European pastoral traditions unsuited to their environment and failed to adopt Inuit survival strategies, ultimately leading to collapse.

Key Terms:

• Collapse – a drastic decrease in population size, political complexity, or economic productivity over a relatively short period.

• Adaptation – the process of adjusting behavior or systems to cope with environmental and social challenges.

• Resilience – the capacity of a society to absorb shocks and still maintain stability.

Summary:
Diamond’s framework shows that collapse is rarely due to a single cause. Instead, it is the interaction of ecological stress, climate shifts, external pressures, loss of support systems, and—most importantly—societal decisions. Some societies fail because they ignore warning signs or cling to traditions, while others succeed by innovating, conserving resources, or adopting practices from others.