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Module 5

The Digestive System Chapter

After reading and studying this chapter, the successful student should be able to:

1. Name the organs of the gastrointestinal tract versus the accessory organs that assist the GI tract.,
2. Describe the functions of the digestive tract and explain how the digestive system works with other systems of the body to deliver important nutrients to body cells.,
3. Compare and contrast peristalsis and segmentation.,
4. Describe the histology of the digestive tract including the layers and the tissue types of each layer.,
5. Describe the functional and structural features of smooth muscle and how it compares to skeletal and cardiac muscle.,
6. Describe the anatomy of the oral cavity and discuss the functions of the major components and boundaries of the oral cavity.,

1. Discuss the structure and functions of the salivary glands.
2. Identify the structure of the tongue and discuss its importance in digestion.
3. Describe the various types of teeth and differentiate between the primary versus secondary dentition.
4. Describe the anatomy of a typical tooth and account for the types and numbers of teeth in an adult.
5. Describe the anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus and explain the process of deglutition.
6. Describe the anatomy of the stomach and its histological features as they relate to the stomach’s role in digestion and absorption.
7. Name and describe the hormones and enzymes secreted by the stomach.
8. Describe the anatomy and physiology of the small intestines. Be able to differentiate between the three regions of the small intestine.
9. Describe the histological features of the small intestine as it relates to its role in digestion and absorption.
10. Name and describe the hormones and enzymes secreted by the small intestine.
11. Discuss the structure and function of the liver and gallbladder. Describe the function of bile relative to its role in digestion.
12. Describe the structure, function, and histological features of the pancreas.
13. Describe the gross and histological anatomy of the large intestine.
14. Describe the large intestine’s role in fecal compaction and explain the process of defecation.
15. Describe the major disorders of the digestive system as discussed in class.
16. Define metabolism, nutrient, anabolism, and catabolism.
17. Describe the role of the nutrient pool in cellular metabolism.
18. Describe carbohydrate digestion, absorption, and metabolism.
19. Describe the fate of glucose in glycolysis.
20. Describe the basic steps in the citric acid cycle and electron transport system.
21. Describe lipid digestion and absorption.
22. Describe the mechanism of lipid transport and distribution.
23. Describe the fate of fatty acids in lipid metabolism.
24. Summarize the main features of protein metabolism and the use of proteins as an energy source.
25. Name the fat-soluble vitamins and explain the role of each fat-soluble vitamin in the body.
26. Name the water-soluble vitamins and explain the role of each water-soluble vitamin in the body.
27. Explain what constitutes a balanced diet and why such a diet is important.
28. Describe the roles of the satiety and feeding centers in the regulation of food intake.
29. Discuss the mechanisms involved in heat gain and heat loss.
30. Discuss the mechanisms that maintain a constant body temperature.
31. Describe the homeostatic imbalances of metabolism including eating disorders, nutritional disorders, and metabolic disorders.

The Digestive System Chapter

This study guide covers the majority of information on the exam but not all of it. You are still responsible for any information that was covered in the notes but not put on this guide (intentionally or unintentionally). Good Luck and Study Hard!!

PRACTICE QUIZ                                                                                                                  

1. Finger-like projections within the mucosa of the small intestines that increase surface area for absorption and digestion are called _______________________________________________.
2. The cells that secrete insulin and glucagon are called _________________________________.
3. Name the cell type that produces bile. _____________________________________________
4. Name the substrate that salivary amylase acts upon. __________________________________
5. Name the prominent bands of smooth muscle running longitudinally along the large intestine wall creating haustra. ______________________________________________________________
6. Name the layer composed of areolar connective tissue underlying the epithelium of the mucosa of the GI tract. __________________________________________________________________
7. Name the substrate that trypsin acts upon. __________________________________________
8. Teeth are composed primarily of a bonelike material called _____________________________.
9. Chief cells of the stomach produce ________________________________________________.
10. The condition in which the chyme escapes through the lower esophageal sphincter into the esophagus is known as _________________________________________________________.
11. The last 20 cm of the large intestine is a storage area called the _________________________.

The Digestive System Chapter

1. Name the sphincter muscle at the top of the esophagus. _________________________________
2. Name the folds that are found in an empty stomach. __________________________________
3. The hormone produced by the brush border cells of the intestine that stimulates the ejection of bile from the liver and gallbladder and pancreatic juice from the pancreas is ___________________
4. A yellowish coloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to the buildup of bilirubin is called? _______________________________________________________________________
5. Which salivary gland primarily secretes salivary amylase from serous cells? ________________
6. How many permanent teeth should a healthy adult have? ______________________________
7. Name the blood vessel that drains nutrient-rich blood from the intestine to the liver for processing and filtration. _________________________________________________________________
8. Which of all the secretions produced by the digestive tract has the lowest pH? ______________
9. Name the “worm-like” lymphatic organ attached to the cecum. ___________________________
10. Name the type of tooth designed for nipping and biting. ________________________________
11. Name the exocrine cells of the pancreas. ___________________________________________
12. Name the tissue of the mucosa within the oral cavity, pharynx, and upper esophagus. ________
13. Name the connective tissue attached to the greater curvature of the stomach which extends down over the intestines. _____________________________________________________________
14. The scientific term for food that is swallowed is _______________________________________.
15. The scientific term for “swallowing” is _______________________________________________.
16. Bile and pancreatic enzymes empty into the small intestine through a common opening called the _____________________________________________________________________________.
17. Name one brush border enzyme produced in the small intestine which acts upon proteins. _____________________________________________________________________________
18. Name one example of a brush border enzyme produced in the small intestine which acts upon nucleic acids. _________________________________________________________________
19. Name one example of a brush border enzyme produced in the small intestine which acts upon carbohydrates. ________________________________________________________________
20. Name the major vitamin of blood clotting that is produced by the bacterial flora of the large intestine. _____________________________________________________________________
21. Name the modification of the rectum that prevents a person from defecating whenever they pass gas. _________________________________________________________________________
22. Name the connective tissue found in the folds of the small intestine that anchors the large intestine. ____________________________________________________________________
23. Name the outer most layer of the digestive tract that forms the peritoneum. _________________
24. Name the activated enzyme of the stomach that breaks down proteins. ____________________
25. Name the hardest substance in the human body. _____________________________________
26. Formation of ATP via the electron transport chain is called _____________________ phosphorylation.
27. During glycolysis, glucose is oxidized to form two molecules of _______________________________.
28. When acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle, it combines with oxaloacetate to form __________________.
29. How many ATP are produced in the complete breakdown of one glucose molecule? _______________
30. How many ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation? ______________________________
31. What percentage of glucose’s energy is used to make ATP? _______________ Heat? _______________
32. The removal of a carbon in the form of carbon dioxide during the transitional stage and during the Krebs cycle is called ___________________________________________________________________.
33. Name one of the two coenzymes associated with cellular respiration. ___________________________
34. Name the process by which new glucose molecules are formed from non-carbohydrate materials. ____________________________________________________________________________________

1. When oxygen is not available, pyruvate is converted into ____________________ which is toxic to human body cells.

1. During the catabolism of protein, deamination of amino acids results in _____________________ ions.

1. During the incomplete digestion of lipids, __________________________ are formed which can cause life threatening fluctuations in blood pH.

1. The breakdown of lipids is called ________________________________________________________.

1. Which major nutrient provides the largest amount of energy per gram? _________________________

1. Name one source of protein in a well-balanced diet. _________________________________________

1. Name one source of vitamin B in your diet. ________________________________________________

1. List a function of cholesterol in the body. __________________________________________________

The Digestive System Chapter

1. Name the term that refers to the transfer of heat between two objects that are not in direct contact with each other. ______________________________________________________________________

1. List the four fat soluble vitamins:  ________________________________________________________

1. Any reaction where an electron is lost from a molecule is called _______________________________.

1. Which water-soluble vitamin can greatly reduce fetal spina bifida if consumed during the first 10 weeks of pregnancy? ________________________________________­________________________________

1. Which trace mineral is necessary for normal production of hemoglobin and red blood cells? _________

1. Which major mineral can be easily obtained from salt in the diet and the most abundant cation in extracellular fluids? __________________________________________________________________

The Digestive System Chapter

1. Name the term referring to any reaction where molecules are synthesized. ______________________

1. Which fat-soluble vitamin is associated with rickets in children in adults? ________________________