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October 15, 2025
October 15, 2025

Technology and Social Networks

Author By Academic Wizard Categories Blog

Technology and Social Networks

It is expected in 300-level discussions that resources from government agencies, professional organizations, and the literature will be cited and referenced in the posts. So, when the discussion prompt asks to cite/incorporate sources, please realize that it needs valid sources cited and referenced (no Wikipedia, no WebMD, no Instagram or social media platforms…)

————————————————————————————————————————————————-

The triple revolution is the confluence of three significant advancements, including the internet, mobile communication, and social media networks (Chayko, 2022). Technology is ever-present in our lives.

Respond to all of the following in a minimum total of 175 words:

-How do you use technology to access information? Would it be hard to disconnect from technology and still access information?

-What social networks do you use to access information? How often do you access these networks?

Technology and Social Networks

-Describe how social media has created the pathways for these social networks in which you obtain and share resources, opportunities, and information amongst yourself and the groups of networks you belong to.

Include & cite at least 1 source (no Wikipedia or “wiki” type sources allowed) & have reference formatted according to APA guidelines.

If 1 source not incorporated and cited/referenced in your initial response, 5 points will automatically be deducted from week 1 participation score. Technology and Social Networks

  • How do you use technology to access information?,

  • Would it be hard to disconnect from technology and still access information?,

  • What social networks do you use to access information?,

  • How often do you access these networks?,

  • Describe how social media has created the pathways for these social networks in which you obtain and share resources, opportunities, and information amongst yourself and the groups of networks you belong to.

Answer (≈175 words with citation)

Technology plays a central role in how I access and process information daily. I primarily use digital platforms such as academic databases, government websites (e.g., CDC, NIH), and online library resources to locate reliable and evidence-based materials. Search engines and mobile applications have made information retrieval almost instantaneous. Disconnecting from technology would make this process significantly harder because many educational and professional resources now exist primarily in digital form. Physical libraries and print materials remain valuable, but they cannot match the speed or breadth of online access (Chayko, 2022).

I frequently use social networks such as LinkedIn, Facebook, and X (formerly Twitter) to stay informed about current events, professional opportunities, and scholarly discussions. I typically access these networks several times per day to review updates from academic institutions and organizations. Social media has created interconnected pathways that allow for rapid sharing of resources and collaboration across geographic boundaries. These platforms foster digital communities that enable professionals and students alike to exchange ideas, promote learning, and build social capital within their fields.

October 15, 2025
October 15, 2025

Neck Stab Case Analysis

Author By Academic Wizard Categories Blog

Neck Stab Case Analysis

A victim was stabbed in the left side of the neck in a fight and sustained a small superficial stab wound of the skin and jugular vein. There was a small pool of blood at the scene; the victim, however, expired in the ambulance on the way to the trauma center. Which of the following statements is Not True regarding this incident?
a.    Air embolism is the cause of death.
b.    Air embolism is the mechanism of death.
c.    Stab wound is the cause of death.
d.    Hemorrhage may be the mechanism of death in the absence of air embolism.
e.    Manner of death is homicide. Neck Stab Case Analysis

  • Air embolism is the cause of death,

  • Air embolism is the mechanism of death,

  • Stab wound is the cause of death,

  • Hemorrhage may be the mechanism of death in the absence of air embolism,

  • Manner of death is homicide.

Neck Stab Case Analysis

Answer

The statement that is Not True regarding this incident is:
👉 b. Air embolism is the mechanism of death.

Explanation:

In forensic pathology, the cause of death refers to the injury or disease that initiates the chain of events leading directly to death. The mechanism of death describes the physiological or biochemical disturbance that actually results in death.

In this case, the victim sustained a stab wound to the neck that injured the jugular vein. When veins in the neck are open to the atmosphere, air can be sucked into the venous system, leading to an air embolism, which can block blood flow to the heart and cause sudden death. Thus, the cause of death is the stab wound to the neck, while the mechanism of death would be air embolism (if proven) or hemorrhage if there was significant bleeding.

Therefore:

  • “Air embolism is the cause of death” → False (it’s a mechanism, not a cause).

  • “Air embolism is the mechanism of death” → True.

  • “Stab wound is the cause of death” → True.

  • “Hemorrhage may be the mechanism of death in the absence of air embolism” → True.

  • “Manner of death is homicide” → True.

October 15, 2025
October 15, 2025

Chronic Illness & Health Psychology

Author By Academic Wizard Categories Blog

Chronic Illness & Health Psychology

This module continues the concepts from Module Six and applies them to specific chronic illnesses such as Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), Hypertension, Stroke, Diabetes (Type I and Type II), AIDS, Cancer, and Arthritis. Physical and psychosocial issues related to these diseases are examined.

Choose one of the chronic illness above and explain how personality, emotions, stress, coping styles, and/or lifestyle factors play a part in the development and management of the specific illness that you have selected. Please feel free to describe any personal experiences that you may have had with this topic.

Chronic Illness & Health Psychology

DISCUSSION 2 SHOULD BE 2 PARAGRAPH)

Given the current pressure to reform US health care and contain its costs, how might health psychologists and/or research in the field of health psychology be helpful during the development of future policy? Also, how could/will you use the information you learned in this course to shape your own health practices?Chronic Illness & Health Psychology Chronic Illness & Health Psychology

  • Choose one of the chronic illnesses and explain how personality emotions stress coping styles and/or lifestyle factors play a part in the development and management of the specific illness that you have selected,

  • Please feel free to describe any personal experiences that you may have had with this topic,

  • Given the current pressure to reform US health care and contain its costs, how might health psychologists and/or research in the field of health psychology be helpful during the development of future policy?,

  • How could/will you use the information you learned in this course to shape your own health practices?

Discussion 1 (2 Paragraphs)

For this discussion, I chose Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). Personality and emotional factors play a significant role in both the development and management of CHD. Individuals with high levels of hostility, impatience, or chronic stress—often associated with a “Type A” personality—tend to have higher risks of hypertension, inflammation, and arterial damage, which can contribute to CHD. Emotional states such as depression and anxiety can worsen the prognosis by influencing behaviors like poor diet, smoking, and reduced physical activity. Stress, when persistent, raises cortisol levels, constricts blood vessels, and increases blood pressure, all of which strain the cardiovascular system over time.

Managing CHD requires not only medical treatment but also attention to psychological and lifestyle factors. Coping styles such as problem-solving, social support seeking, and relaxation techniques have been shown to improve adherence to medication and encourage healthier behaviors. Lifestyle changes like regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and mindfulness can significantly reduce recurrence risks. Personally, I have seen how stress management and emotional awareness can transform someone’s recovery—my family member with CHD improved their condition after learning to manage stress and maintain emotional balance through therapy and routine physical activity. Chronic Illness & Health Psychology

October 15, 2025
October 15, 2025

Intelligence Predicts Grades

Author By Academic Wizard Categories Blog

Intelligence Predicts Grades

Find and read a peer-reviewed research journal article using intelligence or achievement testing in research and share what you learned from this article with your classmates. Specifically (and in your own words):

1. Why was the study conducted?  What hypotheses were being tested?

2. What test(s) were used?

3. What findings were reported, and what conclusions were drawn

Intelligence Predicts Grades

Questions

  • Why was the study conducted? What hypotheses were being tested?,

  • What test(s) were used?,

  • What findings were reported, and what conclusions were drawn?,

Answers / What I Learned

1. Why was the study conducted? What hypotheses were being tested?

The study I looked at is “The Predictive Validity of Four Intelligence Tests for School Grades” (Frontiers, 2017) Frontiers.

  • Purpose / motivation: The authors wanted to examine how well different intelligence tests can predict later school performance (grades). Over many decades, psychologists have assumed that higher intelligence should lead to better academic outcomes, but the strength of that prediction can vary depending on which intelligence test is used and what subject or grade is being predicted.

  • Hypotheses tested: The authors hypothesized that each intelligence test would significantly predict average school grades over time, and that some tests might predict specific subject grades (e.g. math or language) better than others. They also expected that longitudinal prediction (predicting grades several years later) would hold for at least some of the tests.

2. What test(s) were used?

They used four intelligence tests commonly used in German-speaking countries:

  • Intelligence and Development Scales (IDS)

  • Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (RIAS)

  • Snijders-Oomen Nonverbal Intelligence Test (SON-R 6-40)

  • Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) Frontiers

These were administered to children around age ~9. Then the researchers collected their school grades (average grades, plus specific grades in mathematics and language) about 3 years later. Frontiers

So this was a longitudinal prediction design.

3. What findings were reported, and what conclusions were drawn?

Findings: Intelligence Predicts Grades

  • All four intelligence tests showed significant prediction of the average school grades measured 3 years later. Frontiers

  • For specific subjects:
     • The IDS and RIAS predicted both mathematics and language grades. Frontiers
     • The SON-R 6-40 test predicted math grades. Frontiers
     • Interestingly, the WISC-IV did not show a significant association with later math or language grades when considered separately (though it did predict the overall averaged grades). Frontiers

  • Their sample size for the 3-year follow up was modest (54 children for whom longitudinal data was available). Frontiers

  • The authors caution that because of this small follow-up sample, conclusions should be tentative. Frontiers

Conclusions:

  • Intelligence test scores have useful predictive validity for later academic performance (grades), especially when using tests like IDS, RIAS, and SON-R.

  • Some tests are better predictors for specific subjects than others.

  • The fact that WISC-IV failed to predict individual subject grades suggests that not all intelligence measures are equally good for all predictions.

  • In psychological practice (for guidance, placement, or interventions), intelligence tests can help anticipate academic difficulties or strengths, but one must interpret results carefully and in context.

  • Because of study limitations (small longitudinal sample, focus on German-speaking context), the results should be seen as preliminary evidence.

My reflections / what I learned generally

  • Intelligence tests are not perfect, but they do provide meaningful information about future academic success.

  • The choice of the test matters: some tests may be more predictive in certain domains (math, language) or contexts.

  • Longitudinal designs (testing intelligence early, then measuring achievement later) are powerful because they help us see causal potential rather than just correlations at one time point.

  • Even with significant predictive power, intelligence is only one piece of the puzzle — many other factors (motivation, teaching quality, environment, effort) also influence achievement.

  • When interpreting test results, especially in educational settings, one must consider sample sizes, cultural context, and whether the test was standardized in a comparable population.

October 14, 2025
October 14, 2025

Government vs. Nonprofit Homelessness Efforts

Author By Academic Wizard Categories Blog

Government vs. Nonprofit Homelessness Efforts

1) How does this topic of “housing the homeless” fit into Public Administration?

2) Based on the research question, what would be the dependent variable (DV) in this research process?

3) Explain and justify how you conceptualized the DV.

4) Explain and justify how you will operationalize your DV.

5) Explain and justify how you propose to measure your DV

Definitions:    Government vs. Nonprofit Homelessness Efforts

Government vs. Nonprofit Homelessness Efforts

Conceptualizing a variable requires the researcher to explain and justify their way of defining or understanding that variable. This may require the researcher to refer to how other researchers have conceptualized that variable and/or to anticipate and answer potential questions about other possible ways of conceptualizing that variable.

– Operationalizing a variable requires the researcher to specify the means by which that variable will be measured. What indicator, scale, or other measurement system will be used? This may require the researcher to refer to how other researchers have operationalized that variable and/or to anticipate and answer potential questions about other possible ways of operationalizing that variable.

– Measuring a variable requires the researcher to specify the process by which data will be gathered and analyzed. This may require the researcher to refer to how other researchers have measured that variable and/or to anticipate and answer potential questions about other possible ways of measuring that variable.

  • How does this topic of “housing the homeless” fit into Public Administration?,

  • Based on the research question what would be the dependent variable (DV) in this research process?,

  • Explain and justify how you conceptualized the DV.,

  • Explain and justify how you will operationalize your DV.,

  • Explain and justify how you propose to measure your DV.

October 14, 2025
October 14, 2025

Letter to Texas Representative

Author By Academic Wizard Categories Blog

Letter to Texas Representative

Instructions and Rubric for (Letter to a US Political Representative) In this project, you will be writing a letter to an elected representative to request them to take action on a specific policy. You are welcome to mail this letter to your selected representative, but this is not required as part of this project. Submit completed letter. DUE MAY 3

a. LENGTH: 900-1200 words (12-point font, single-spaced) You must first determine the specific action you want taken and then determine which elected representative (federal, state, or local *Texas*) to send the letter to. The aim in your letter is to present an argument to persuade the representative to endorse and carry out the policy you desire. You are welcome to use prompts and posts from past forum discussions in selecting your policy and making your argument. Make sure that the desired policy is one that falls within the jurisdiction of the representative you select (asking the Mayor of Austin Texas to repeal Obamacare, for example, would not work). You also want to pick a policy that is specific and feasible. Avoid vague or unattainable policies (asking the President of the United States to establish world peace would be both overly vague and also not within the sole power of the United States to do). Specific, feasible policies are easier to argue for and easier to find evidence for than vague, unattainable policies. The letter should take the form of a formal letter, so include the name and mailing address of the representative you are writing (formal letters often include the mailing address of the sender but, for your privacy, I do not require this. If you like, you can make up a fake address to include, for example “123 Anywhere St., Austin TX”). The letter should open with a salutation and have an appropriate closing (“Sincerely” or something equivalent). Purdue University provides more guidance on what to include in a business letter here. The paper should open (that is, have at least in the first paragraph) a clear statement of the policy action you are arguing for. As part of the argument for your request, you will be required to provide supporting evidence. However, since this is a letter, and not a research paper, weigh the number of citations accordingly. You will have to present facts and back them up (with, say, references to news articles), but a representative would not want to read a letter with 50 footnotes. For example, when you provide a particular statistic from a newspaper article, you should note in the text in a parenthetical reference (footnotes are not required, though you can use them instead if you prefer) the name of the publication and the date of publication. For example: “Crime in DC went up 10% in the first three months of 2021 (Washington Post of Oct. 1, 2020). Provide a hyperlink or URL if possible. Providing one or two references per page would be adequate. Since this is a letter, a bibliography is not necessary. It should be possible to identify your source from your citation, however. All submissions will be submitted to TurnItIn for plagiarism detection. Do not copy and paste

Letter to Texas Representative

Letter to Texas Representative

 

from other sources into your paper unless you are providing a direct quotations (with quotation marks). These will get flagged, even if you change a word or two. When you are quoting or using information from a source, be sure to cite. Citations are needed for both direct quotations and paraphrases (for an assignment like this, I expect direct quotations will be rare and paraphrases will be much more common). Instructions on how to cite in an informal context like this are given above. Submission will be made through Canvas. Submissions must be in Microsoft Word or PDF format. Rubric:

 

 

Item Description Points

Submission of Outline Submission of an adequate version of an outline 1

Item Description Points

Statement of Policy Request

What are you asking your representative to do? Does the letter make an explicit and actionable policy request of the representative? Is this the correct representative to be asking for the request?

2

Effectiveness and Organization

Does the letter present a clear argument for why the representative should grant its request? Is this argument well-organized, with a clear structure and the space dedicated to issues proportionate to their importance to the request?

12

Supporting citations Are claims about what the reading says backed up by reference to external sources (e.g., newspaper articles or public reports)? Are there an adequate number of supporting citations?

4

Spelling and Grammar Are there so many spelling/grammatical mistakes in the paper that they obstruct understanding?

  • What specific policy action are you asking your representative to take?,

  • Is the selected representative the correct one for this policy issue?,

  • Does your letter clearly and effectively argue why the representative should act?,

  • Does your argument include credible supporting evidence and citations?,

  • Is your letter well-organized grammatically correct and professionally written?

October 14, 2025
October 14, 2025

U.S. Grand Narratives

Author By Academic Wizard Categories Blog

U.S. Grand Narratives

Essay #2: Choose one of the following three nation-states: the PRC, the Russian Federation, or the USA, and explain that nation-state’s Grand Narratives. Explain at least two of their Grand Narratives, including their likely origins, persistence, and resonance.

The goal is for you to author an appropriately researched and formatted argumentative essay that answers the question posed in the assignment. Each essay is to be about 2000 words. Footnotes or endnotes are required; Author-Date In-text Citations must include page numbers. e.g. (Smith, 154). The content is to be typed, double-spaced, in font 12. The assignment must have appropriate footnotes or endnotes in Chicago (preferred), APA, or MLA style documentation. A bibliography is required. Ensure your PDF version correctly displays your footnotes or endnotes after converting to PDF. The cover page, endnotes, and bibliography (if used) do not count in the word count. The naming convention for the PDF file is lastnamePSCI6630essay#.pdf (the last name being the student’s last name and Essay # being, e.g., Essay#1, Essay#2, etc.) All submissions must include the student’s name, course number, and title on the cover page.

U.S. Grand Narratives

Guidelines for Grading Your Essays: The highest grades will go to appropriately structured essays that accomplish the following: 1) substantively answers the question (60% of the grade); 2) correctly uses concepts and terminology from the class (20% of the grade); 3) is grammatically correct and error-free (10% of the grade). Following these submission directions precisely is worth 10% of the grade.

PSCI 6630 Research Paper

Using the comments received on your research proposal, your final paper will be an argumentative essay detailing your strategy to resolve the national or international security issue chosen. The paper will explain the issue and detail the strategy you recommend to appropriately deal with the issue in the context of the nation-state leadership perspective selected. The paper will provide an analysis of the likely effectiveness of your strategy to bring the issue to a favorable resolution. It will also address likely responses from other key players involved. You will need to explain how your strategy would be modified according to these potential responses.

Remember, argumentative essays must establish a clear thesis and follow sound reasoning. The paper should be 18-20 pages long, double-spaced, in font 12, and have appropriate citations in the form of footnotes/endnotes in the Chicago (preferred), APA, or MLA style. Use at least three peer-reviewed journal articles in your argument. Final papers are to be posted in this assignment in PDF format. Only PDF-formatted files will be accepted in the assignment. The naming convention of the PDF file is lastnamePSCI6630FinalPaper.pdf (the last name being the student’s last name). All submissions must have a cover page with the student’s name, course number, and a title beginning with “Research Paper: Your Title.”

 

The paper will be graded using the following criteria: (1) Clearly explain your issue and strategy (10% of the grade); (2) deliver an argument that demonstrates structure, logic, includes historical evidential support, and explains the strategy and potential reactions to it. You must address how your strategy would need to be modified depending on the potential reactions you present (60% of the grade); (3) provides a comprehensive bibliography with all sources in Chicago (preferred), APA or MLA style (10% of the grade); (4) is grammatically correct and error-free (10% of the grade); (5) and the paper is to be submitted according to instructor guidance (10% of the grade).

U.S. Grand Narratives

PSCI 6630 Final Video Project

For the class’s capstone, you will deliver your Research Paper in the form of a 6 to 8-minute informative video presentation. Using whatever technology is available, video record a presentation of your research paper findings. The video must include four or more slides, but must also show the student speaking to the camera, NOT using a voiceover showing only the visual support materials.

Post your video in .mp4 or .mov format for this assignment. The naming convention of the video file is lastnamePSCI6630video.mp4 or .mov (the last name being the student’s last name). Past students have successfully used the free version of ScreenPal ( https://screenpal.com ) to prepare similar assignments.

If you have difficulty posting the video in Blackboard due to file size constraints, you may post a link to your video on YouTube. To do this,

1.    Create a free YouTube account. Select the plus sign to post a video.  2.    Choose the video you want to upload.  3.    Select the unlisted link option. 4.    Allow the video to upload fully, then click the share option and copy the link. 5.    Post the link in this Blackboard assignment.

Guidelines for Grading Your Presentation: The highest grades will go to a well-prepared, logically structured, and professionally communicated video presentation that accomplishes the following: 1) substantively summarizes the research paper (70% of the grade); 2) includes the use of well-prepared slides (10% of the grade and must be included); and 3) is delivered in a professional manner using correct diction and grammar (20% of the grade).

  • Choose one of the following three nation-states: the PRC the Russian Federation or the USA,

  • Explain that nation-state’s Grand Narratives,

  • Explain at least two of their Grand Narratives,

  • Include their likely origins persistence and resonance,

  • Author an appropriately researched and formatted argumentative essay that answers the question posed in the assignment.

October 14, 2025
October 14, 2025

Supreme Court & Federalism

Author By Academic Wizard Categories Blog

Supreme Court & Federalism

· Provide a Biblically based support for your analysis

· Sources must be derived from Read items assigned for the Module: Week in which the Case Study is assigned, peer-reviewed journal articles, and your independent research.

· All citations and format must be in current APA format

· Include 8 – 10 sources, not including your Biblical analysis

· Double-spaced, with 1-inch margins, written in 12-point Times New Roman font.

Paper must be 8-10 pages

Supreme Court & Federalism

Case Study: The Supreme Court, Federalism, and Public Administrators Assignment

Christensen and Wise (2009) state,

[t]he U.S. Supreme Court has come to play an important role in articulating that system of rules. The Supreme Court’s federalism decisions are especially important in understanding what powers public managers [must] achieve policy priorities in the current context of devolved government.

For this Case Study Assignment, you will provide a scholarly paper concerning the effect of recent Supreme Court decisions on public administration and federalism.

 

 

 

  • What role does the U.S. Supreme Court play in defining federalism and its impact on public administration?,

  • How have recent Supreme Court decisions affected the balance of power between federal state and local governments?,

  • In what ways do these decisions influence how public administrators implement policy?,

  • What challenges and opportunities arise from federalism as shaped by the Supreme Court?,

  • How can biblical principles guide public administrators in navigating federalism and judicial authority?

Comprehensive General Answer

1. Introduction

The U.S. Supreme Court serves as a cornerstone in defining the scope and application of federalism within the American political system. Federalism, which divides authority between national and state governments, continuously evolves through judicial interpretation. As Christensen and Wise (2009) observe, the Court’s federalism rulings shape the framework in which public administrators operate, determining how they implement and manage policies in an era of devolved governance. In recent decades, landmark cases have reshaped the boundaries of power, affecting issues such as healthcare, environmental regulation, civil rights, and administrative oversight. These judicial interpretations have far-reaching consequences for the practice of public administration, determining not only the distribution of authority but also the ethical and operational responsibilities of administrators at all levels of government.

2. The Supreme Court’s Role in Defining Federalism

The U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions act as the final arbiter in constitutional disputes concerning the balance between federal and state power. Historically, the Court’s rulings have oscillated between centralization and decentralization, depending on the political and social climate.
For example, McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) affirmed the supremacy of federal authority under the Necessary and Proper Clause, setting an early precedent for a strong national government. In contrast, the Rehnquist Court (1986–2005) marked a shift toward “New Federalism”, emphasizing state sovereignty and limiting federal overreach. More recent cases—such as NFIB v. Sebelius (2012), Shelby County v. Holder (2013), and Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)—reflect renewed debates over federal authority versus states’ rights.
These rulings directly influence how public administrators interpret legal mandates and implement policies within the complex network of intergovernmental relations. In this way, the Supreme Court acts not merely as a judicial body but as a co-architect of public governance.

October 14, 2025
October 14, 2025

NASA’s Collaborative Transformation

Author By Academic Wizard Categories Blog

NASA’s Collaborative Transformation

During and before the Apollo program years at NASA, it was the primary government organization involved in all space technology decisions. Since the Space Shuttle Program, NASA has been reinvented. It transformed from a closed system with a hierarchy that develops its technologies internally to an open and collaborative network that promotes innovation and collaboration with other public and private organizations. NASA has become more interdependent.

Using the Moon to Mars Mission (Artemis-Orion), describe this new collaborative approach at NASA.

· Provide a Biblically based support for your analysis

NASA’s Collaborative Transformation

· Sources must be derived from Read items assigned for the Module: Week in which the Case Study is assigned, peer-reviewed journal articles, and your independent research.

· All citations and format must be in current APA format

· Include 8 – 10 sources/REFRENCES, not including your Biblical analysis

· Double-spaced, with 1-inch margins, written in 12-point Times New Roman font.

Paper must be 8-10 pages

NASA’s Collaborative Transformation

  • How did NASA’s organizational structure change from a closed system to a collaborative network?,

  • How does the Moon to Mars Mission (Artemis-Orion) represent NASA’s new collaborative approach?,

  • What public and private partnerships support NASA’s transformation?,

  • What are the benefits and challenges of this collaborative model?,

  • What biblical principles support NASA’s collaborative and innovative mission?

Comprehensive General Answer

1. NASA’s Transformation from a Closed System to a Collaborative Network

During the Apollo era, NASA functioned as a hierarchical, closed system that centralized decision-making, research, and technology development internally. All operations, from spacecraft design to mission planning, were handled within the agency or through tightly controlled government contracts. This model reflected the Cold War environment, emphasizing secrecy, national prestige, and internal innovation.
However, after the end of the Space Shuttle Program and the rise of new global and private space competitors, NASA underwent a profound transformation. It evolved into an open, collaborative, and network-based organization—one that actively partners with other federal agencies, universities, private industry, and international allies. This transformation was driven by the need for innovation, cost-sharing, and agility in an increasingly complex technological landscape. The change marked NASA’s shift from a top-down bureaucracy to a collaborative ecosystem, embracing shared research, joint ventures, and public-private partnerships.

2. The Moon to Mars Mission (Artemis-Orion) as a Collaborative Model

The Moon to Mars Mission, specifically through the Artemis Program and the Orion spacecraft, embodies NASA’s new collaborative framework. The program’s goal is to return humans to the Moon and eventually send astronauts to Mars, but unlike the Apollo program, Artemis is structured as a multi-stakeholder network. NASA leads the mission, but the Orion spacecraft was developed in partnership with Lockheed Martin, while the Space Launch System (SLS) was built by Boeing, and the Gateway lunar outpost involves contributions from the European Space Agency (ESA), Canadian Space Agency (CSA), and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).
This structure showcases how NASA now functions as a systems integrator, coordinating multiple collaborators who bring specialized expertise. The program also incorporates commercial partnerships through the Artemis Accords and contracts with companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin, which provide lunar lander systems and cargo delivery services. The Artemis-Orion collaboration illustrates a deliberate shift from NASA doing everything in-house to leveraging the innovation and efficiency of the private sector and international partners.

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