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Category Archives: Blog

January 13, 2026
January 13, 2026

Project Communication

  • Explain why you agree or disagree with some of the suggestions covered this week for improving project communications, such as creating a communications management plan, stakeholder analysis, or performance reports for IT software development projects. Justify your response. What other suggestions do you have?
  • Do you agree with creating a communications management plan?,

  • Do you agree with conducting a stakeholder analysis?,

  • Do you agree with preparing performance reports for IT projects?,

  • Why do you agree or disagree with these suggestions?,

  • What other suggestions do you have for improving communication?

Project Communication

 

 

  • Effective communication is essential to the success of any IT software development project. I agree with the suggestions covered this week—specifically creating a communications management plan, conducting a stakeholder analysis, and generating performance reports—as they establish a structured and transparent communication flow. Each of these strategies contributes to managing expectations, avoiding misunderstandings, and maintaining project alignment with goals.

  • 1. Communications Management Plan:
    I strongly agree with creating a communications management plan. It outlines what information needs to be communicated, who should receive it, when, and in what format. This is particularly important in IT projects where diverse team members, often including developers, testers, business analysts, and clients, must stay aligned. Without a structured plan, important updates or decisions can easily be missed or misunderstood.

    2. Stakeholder Analysis:
    I also support conducting a stakeholder analysis. Not all stakeholders require the same level of detail or updates. By identifying stakeholders’ interests, influence, and communication preferences, project managers can tailor communication efforts, improving relevance and engagement. This reduces the risk of miscommunication and ensures that critical voices are not ignored.

    3. Performance Reports:
    Performance reports are essential in tracking project progress, identifying risks, and providing accountability. These reports, especially when automated through project management software, provide data-driven insights that help managers make informed decisions. I’ve seen firsthand how clear performance tracking can prevent scope creep and avoid last-minute surprises.

    Additional Suggestions:

    • Use of Agile Stand-Ups: Daily brief meetings keep everyone updated on progress, obstacles, and next steps. It ensures consistent, real-time communication.

    • Leverage Collaboration Tools: Tools like Slack, Jira, or Microsoft Teams enhance transparency and reduce communication gaps across remote or distributed teams.

    • Feedback Loops: Encourage regular feedback between developers and stakeholders. This promotes adaptability and early problem detection.

    • Clear Documentation: Maintain centralized, accessible documentation for processes, changes, and decisions. This ensures continuity and clarity, especially during team transitions.

    Conclusion:
    In summary, the suggestions discussed are not only valid but necessary for the effective management of IT projects. Incorporating structured communication practices improves team coordination, reduces errors, and boosts stakeholder satisfaction. Enhanced by modern tools and agile practices, communication can become a strength rather than a challenge in software development.


    References:

    • Project Management Institute. (2017). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), 6th Edition.

    • Highsmith, J. (2013). Agile Project Management: Creating Innovative Products.

    • Kerzner, H. (2018). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling.

January 13, 2026
January 13, 2026

Congressional Civil Rights

Overview:

For this assignment, you will prepare a creative deliverable focused on civil rights legislation. You will be able to choose whichever format you wish for your deliverable.  Please follow the instructions below and be sure to follow APA formatting guidelines.

For more guidance about APA formatting, refer to the APA Resources in the Academic Support area of the “Student Resources” button on our course Home page.

Instructions:

This week’s readings and the Module 3 Lesson addressed civil rights legislation.

1. For this assignment, create a deliverable of your choice (written document, infographic, PowerPoint, video, etc.) that communicates the information below.

· Describe the provisions in the U.S. Constitution that give Congress the power to enact civil rights legislation.

· As part of your deliverable, be sure to include information on the amendments and related civil rights we studied this week.

2. Submit your deliverable below.

What provisions in the U.S. Constitution empower Congress to pass civil rights laws?,

What are the key constitutional amendments related to civil rights?,

How do these amendments support civil rights legislation?,

What specific rights are protected by these amendments?,

How does this legal foundation affect modern civil rights laws?

Congressional Civil Rights

Congressional Power to Enact Civil Rights Legislation

The U.S. Constitution grants Congress specific powers that serve as the legal foundation for enacting civil rights laws. One of the most significant sources of this power is the Commerce Clause (Article I, Section 8), which allows Congress to regulate commerce among the states. This clause has been used extensively to justify civil rights laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and education.

Additionally, Section 5 of the 14th Amendment gives Congress the power to enforce the provisions of the amendment, including the guarantee of equal protection under the law. This section enables Congress to pass laws ensuring that no state can deny individuals their civil rights.

Key Constitutional Amendments and Their Role in Civil Rights

13th Amendment (1865): Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude. This was the first constitutional step toward civil rights for formerly enslaved people.

14th Amendment (1868): Guaranteed equal protection under the law and due process. It prevents states from infringing on the rights of citizens, laying the groundwork for future civil rights laws.

15th Amendment (1870): Prohibited denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

19th Amendment (1920): Granted women the right to vote, marking a major expansion of civil rights.

24th Amendment (1964): Eliminated the poll tax in federal elections, a tool historically used to suppress the Black vote.

Voting Rights Act of 1965 (based on the 15th Amendment): Though not an amendment, this legislation is a critical example of Congress using its constitutional authority to enforce civil rights.

Conclusion

The U.S. Constitution provides a robust framework for Congress to enact civil rights legislation through both its enumerated powers and the amendments passed during Reconstruction and the Civil Rights Movement. The synergy between these constitutional provisions and legislative efforts has enabled the advancement of civil rights in education, employment, voting, and public life. Understanding this legal foundation is essential for appreciating the evolution and ongoing defense of civil rights in America.

References:

U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 8

U.S. Const. amend. XIII, XIV, XV, XIX, XXIV

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Voting Rights Act of 1965

National Archives. (n.d.). Constitution of the United States. https://www.archives.gov

Legal Information Institute. (n.d.). Commerce Clause. Cornell University Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/commerce_clause

January 13, 2026
January 13, 2026

Instructor Feedback Summary

Dear Cristian,

In your response to the assignment, you demonstrated interesting insight about your topic. You illustrated understanding of applicable and pertinent material and addressed the significant ideas and areas of the assignment. You developed upon the topic of the assignment with well-documented and supporting resources and/or statements. The similarity index of Turnitin.com showed matching text of 21%, and that is within the acceptable limit.  The headings, (which you have), etc. are helpful. The references you listed are correctly formatted to meet the APA requirement. Your paper meets the number of page count requirement excluding the cover and reference pages.

  • Did the student demonstrate understanding of the topic?,

  • Were significant ideas and areas of the assignment addressed?,

  • Was supporting evidence well-documented?,

  • Is the similarity index within acceptable limits?,

  • What improvements were suggested for the final submission?

Instructor Feedback Summary

 

 

Will suggest including table of contents (ToCs) when you submit the final paper since it will be more than 3 pages. It provides a gateway for your audience.

A good topic that has future implications, Cristian!

Civil Rights Legislation and Constitutional Foundations

Introduction

Civil rights legislation forms a cornerstone of American democracy, protecting citizens from discrimination and ensuring equal treatment under the law. This assignment focuses on the constitutional basis for civil rights laws and examines key amendments that have shaped the civil rights landscape in the United States. The goal is to explore how Congress derives its authority to enact such legislation and to highlight significant constitutional provisions that have supported civil rights movements, especially in the 20th and 21st centuries.


1. Constitutional Authority for Civil Rights Legislation

The U.S. Constitution grants Congress the power to enact civil rights laws primarily through the following provisions:

  • Commerce Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3): Grants Congress the authority to regulate interstate commerce. This clause was critical in passing civil rights laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as discriminatory practices in public accommodations were shown to affect interstate commerce.

  • Necessary and Proper Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18): This clause enables Congress to make laws essential for carrying out its enumerated powers. Civil rights laws are often justified as necessary to enforce constitutional protections.

  • Enforcement Clauses of Civil War Amendments: These include the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, all of which contain provisions explicitly empowering Congress to pass legislation to enforce the rights these amendments guarantee.


2. Key Constitutional Amendments Related to Civil Rights

  • 13th Amendment (1865): Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. This amendment was the foundation for later legislation prohibiting racial discrimination and exploitation.

  • 14th Amendment (1868): Contains the Equal Protection Clause and the Due Process Clause. It prevents states from denying any person within their jurisdiction equal protection of the laws. This amendment has been instrumental in court cases involving discrimination and segregation.

  • 15th Amendment (1870): Prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

  • 19th Amendment (1920): Grants women the right to vote, broadening civil rights protections beyond racial lines.

  • 24th Amendment (1964): Abolishes the poll tax in federal elections, removing an economic barrier to voting.

  • 26th Amendment (1971): Lowers the voting age to 18, in response to civil rights activism during the Vietnam War era.


3. Effective Communication of Civil Rights Legislation

To ensure broad understanding and engagement, civil rights information should be communicated in a format that aligns with the audience’s preferences. A PowerPoint presentation, for example, could combine visual elements with concise bullet points. An infographic might present timelines and key court cases like Brown v. Board of Education (1954) or Loving v. Virginia (1967). For this assignment, a well-structured written document

January 13, 2026
January 13, 2026

Dream Disaster Plan

Subject Matter

In the first discussion I asked you about the place you most wish to live. Over this semester we have learned about the many disasters that occur on our planet. In this paper you are to research what disasters could occur in the place you want to live. Usually, every location has one big disaster that will be the focus of your paper, but you should also include any other possible disasters. Determine what are the immediate dangers and the long-term dangers you will need to be prepared for. Once you know what the dangers are you can then prepare for them, so list your preparations to live happily in your most desired location.

Dream Disaster Plan

 

 

  • What is the location you most wish to live in?,

  • What is the biggest disaster threat there?,

  • What other disasters could happen in that location?,

  • What are the immediate and long-term dangers?,

  • How can you prepare to live safely and happily there?

· Brief description of the location you mentioned in your first discussion

· Biggest disaster and dangers

· All other possible disasters and dangers

· How to best prepare for the disaster

Grading

80% of your grade is on the content of your paper.

What you include, what you researched, what you say. All of this must be evident in your writing.

Be organized in your thoughts. The paper may not be long enough to follow the standard format of intro, body, and conclusion, but it still should not be all over the place.

This is a college level class and I expect your paper to be at the same level.

20% of your grade is based on spelling and grammar.

I expect you to write a college level paper and that includes more than content.

The greatest paper in the world is useless if no one can make sense of it.

I expect you to follow the rules of the English language.

Avoid using “I” unless necessary.

Write in complete sentences. Avoid run-on sentences.

Use proper spelling, no shorthand or texting patterns.

January 13, 2026
January 13, 2026

Environmental Health in Fresno

Minimum Requirements:

    • 2000 wo’rds minimum.  Wo’rd Count from the intr’oduction to the conc’lusion without counting the list of r’eferences.
    • Your es’say should be ty’ped and do’uble spaced on standard-sized pa’per (8.5″ x 11″), with 1″ margins on all si’des.
    • Fo’nt should be easy to read, such as 11-point Calibri, 11-point A’rial, and 10-point Lu’cida Sa’ns 12-point Ti’mes New Ro’man, 11-point Georgia, 10-point Computer Modern.
    • Use AP’A format.
  • Pap’er Sections: Your es’say should include three major sections

Environmental Health Fresno

 

 

  • What environmental health topic are you researching and why is it important?,

  • How does this topic impact air water and land?,

  • What are the human health effects including toxicological or epidemiological findings?,

  • How is the issue locally relevant to Fresno County and the Central Valley?,

  • What laws and future policies exist or are needed to address the issue?

  1. Title Pa’ge
  2. Main Bo’dy: Break the main bo’dy in the following sections.
    1. Int’roduction: Des’cribe the environmental health to’pic you are going to res’earch.  Dis’cuss the importance or significance of the to’pic
    2. Environmental Impacts: Disc’uss the Environmental conditions and impacts related to your to’pic: water, air, land impacts.
    3. Human Impacts: Describe the human health impacts associated with your to’pic. Disc’uss any applicable Environmental Epidemiology and Toxicology.
    4. Local relevance: Discuss the local relevance of the to’pic.  How does it impact Fresno County and the Central Valley?
    5. Laws and Regulations: Res’earch and discuss the applicable laws and regulations that attempt to mitigate the issues associated with the to’pic.  Who is responsible for implementation?  You may include a discussion about the economic cost of implementing the regulation.
    6. Looking forward: What do you con’clude about the adequacy of public policy related to your to’pic.  What future measures may be taken to help address this issue?
  3. 3. Ref’erences
  • Use peer rev’iewed ar’ticles or current publications from government agencies, res’earch organizations, or institutions.
January 13, 2026
January 13, 2026

 New Manager Challenges

Read the OECollaboration case in Rice, Chapter 9 Group and Intergroup Relations. Write a reflection paper answering the questions from the case:

What challenges can a new manager encounter when starting to manage an existing team?

What strategies can a new manager implement to ensure that his new team is engaged with him and builds relationships to succeed in his new role?

Compare and contrast the strategies Mike Jones and Tracey James implemented to build trust and engage their team? Which manager’s strategy was more effective and why?

New Manager Challenges

 

 

If you were Mike Jones what actions would you implement to change the dynamics of the team to build trust and relationships?

  1. What challenges can a new manager face when managing an existing team?,

  2. What strategies help a new manager engage and build relationships with the team?,

  3. How did Mike Jones and Tracey James differ in building trust?,

  4. Whose strategy was more effective and why?,

  5. What would you do differently if you were Mike Jones?

  6. Comprehensive Reflection Paper:

    Introduction

    Transitioning into a leadership role with an existing team presents both opportunities and significant challenges. The OECollaboration case in Rice, Chapter 9 explores the different leadership styles of two new managers—Mike Jones and Tracey James—as they navigate complex group and intergroup dynamics. Their contrasting approaches offer valuable insights into effective (and ineffective) leadership, trust-building, and team engagement.


    1. Challenges for New Managers with Existing Teams

    A new manager entering an established team environment faces several immediate challenges:

    • Existing relationships and loyalties: Team members often have pre-formed alliances and routines.

    • Resistance to change: Team members may resist new leadership or doubt the manager’s credibility.

    • Unclear team dynamics: It takes time to understand underlying interpersonal tensions or political dynamics.

    • High expectations: A new manager is under pressure to deliver results quickly while still learning the culture.

    • Trust deficits: Without established trust, a manager may face suspicion or lack of cooperation.

    These challenges demand careful observation, emotional intelligence, and deliberate relationship-building from day one.


    2. Strategies for Engagement and Relationship Building

    Effective managers can implement several strategies to foster engagement and trust with an inherited team:

    • One-on-one meetings: Building individual rapport by understanding each team member’s goals, concerns, and strengths.

    • Listening before leading: Learning the culture and challenges before enforcing change.

    • Clear communication: Setting transparent expectations and providing consistent feedback.

    • Quick wins: Delivering early successes to build credibility.

    • Inclusive decision-making: Empowering the team by involving them in goal-setting and problem-solving.

    These approaches help reduce resistance, build psychological safety, and position the manager as a partner rather than a disruptor.


    3. Comparing Mike Jones and Tracey James

    Mike Jones came into his role with a traditional, top-down leadership style. He was focused on performance metrics, efficiency, and authority. His approach was directive and task-oriented. He emphasized structure and immediate accountability, assuming that delivering results would earn respect.

January 13, 2026
January 13, 2026

Big Data Integration

We have discussed how businesses have integrated Big Data Analytics with their Business Intelligence to gain dominance within their respective industry. Search the UC Library and/or Google Scholar for a “Fortune 1000” company that has been successful in this integration.

Conduct a literature review of big data analytics with business intelligence within the Fortune 1000 company you researched. In your literature review, you will include details about the Fortune 1000 company you researched, including its approach to big data analytics with business intelligence, what they are doing right, what they are doing wrong, and how they can improve to be more successful in the implementation and maintenance of big data analytics with business intelligence.

You are to review the literature on Big Data Analytics and business intelligence for the Fortune 1000 company. Discuss problems and gaps that have been identified in the literature. You will expand on the issue and how researchers have attempted to examine that issue by collecting data – you are NOT collecting data, just reporting on how researchers did their collection.

Big Data Integration

 

 

Paper Layout:

1. Title Page

2. Table of contents:

3. Use a Microsoft Enabled Table of Contents feature.

4. Background:

5. Describe the Fortune 1000 company, discuss the problem, and elaborate on their big data analytics and business intelligence approaches. Be sure to include what they are doing right and what they are doing wrong.

6. Research Questions:

7. For our topic of big data analytics and business intelligence, what were the research questions that were asked? Be sure to include main research questions from all the literature you are reviewing.

8. Methodology:

9. What approach did the researcher use, qualitative, quantitative, survey, case study? Describe the population that was chosen. You will discuss the methodology for all the literature you are reviewing.

10. Data Analysis:

11. What were some of the findings, for example, if there were any hypotheses asked, were they supported?

12. Conclusions:

13. What was the conclusion of any data collections, e.g., were research questions answered, were hypotheses supported? Be sure to also include how the Fortune 1000 company can improve to be more successful in the implementation and maintenance of big data analytics with business intelligence.

Paper requirements:

· Be a minimum of 7 pages in length, not including the required cover page and reference pages.

· Follow APA 7 guidelines. Be sure to conduct research on formatting literature reviews.

· Your literature review should include a minimum of 8 scholarly peer-reviewed journal articles. The UC Library is a great place to find resources.

· Be clear and well-written, concise, and logical, using excellent grammar and style techniques. You are being graded in part on the quality of your writing. You can use Grammarly for help with your grammar and spelling.

  • How does the selected Fortune 1000 company use big data analytics with business intelligence?,

  • What are they doing right and wrong in implementing and maintaining these systems?,

  • What research questions have been asked in the literature about this integration?,,

  • What methodologies have researchers used to study these questions?,

  • What are the findings and how can the company improve?

January 13, 2026
January 13, 2026

Museum Art Analysis Project

The objective of this project is to see works in person, research into the object(s) or artwork for background information, and discuss its purpose and importance in the history of art.

The Project counts for 10% of your grade. Please see the Rubric below for information on how the paper is to be graded.

A visit to an art museum and a report of that visit is required.

Alternatively, a student may not have physical access to a museum in his/her area and a virtual visit may be arranged with the instructor’s prior approval. Many museums have virtual visits, some are listed with the Google Arts and Culture project partners. Some of these have a virtual walkthrough and a Google Arts & Culture app is available for virtual reality tours. The following list contains examples of museum resources to explore and choose from:

· The MET Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History (Essays and Works of Art)

· Google Arts & Culture:

Pergamon Museum , Germany

The British Museum , London

Acropolis Museum , Greece

The Catedral de Santiago Foundation , Spain

Grotte Chauvet/Chauvet Cave , France

Museo della Civiltà Romana , Italy

The British Library , London

Museum of Cycladic Art , Greece

Mev Museu d’Art Medieval , Spain

The report must discuss one artwork, including the style and time period in which the artwork was created. The report should be three to five typed pages saved in MS Word document or as a PDF. using MLA (Modern Language Association) format. It must include the information listed in the following outline:

Museum Art Analysis Project

 

 

I. Chosen Artwork

a. Name and location of the museum

b. Name of exhibition

c. Name of artist or group associated with if there is no artist name

d. Title of work

e. Dimensions of work

f. Media

g. Date or time period created

h. Art movement, period, or region if it is ancient

i. Place of origin

j. Manner of display

II. Description of Artwork

a. A description of the work (what does it look like, include things that would allow people to recognize it)

b. An analysis of the work

i. To understand how to analyze, two references should be researched before starting:

· Introduction to art historical analysis  (article from Smarthistory)

· How to do a visual (formal) analysis  (video from Smarthistory)

ii. Elements of Art (describe types of lines, marks, tones, textures, colors, etc.)

iii. Principles of Art (describe placement of elements, symmetry, movement, sense of weight, etc.)

III. Response to Artwork

a. Your personal reaction to the work (how do you feel when you see it, what does it remind you of, would it be difficult to replicate, etc.).

b. Additional interesting information (is there some background about the object we should know about such as materials it’s made of, how it came to be, or its utilitarian use).

IV. Images

a. Proof of concept—you will need to take a selfie on location and/or informational literature such as a brochure or pamphlet from the exhibit or museum OR if using an alternative museum resource (with prior approval), provide the online URL of the location of the museum resources and/or virtual visit and a screenshot of the website it was obtained from.

b. Photo/card/slide of Artwork (if a work is not allowed to be photographed, research to find one, or find it in a brochure or other materials from the museum.) Any images obtained from online resources must provide proper credit and licensing whether it is a Creative Commons License or Public Domain.

V. References

The paper is to include:

· Cover page with Title, location of the works chosen, date visited, and your name.

· A well-written and edited three to five-page paper which is to be  single-spaced, paragraph indented  or double-spaced between paragraphs, 12 pt text in a serif font (either Georgia, Palatino, Minion, or Times/Times Roman).

· Quoted material: No more than 15% of the written paper may be directly copied and included in the total work. The quoted portion must be cited in the bibliography.

· The paper should include an overview of what the object or exhibition is about, the materials and techniques used in the work, your research into the background and history of the work, the work’s significance in the arts, and your personal observations about the work, such as what made you choose this work, how you feel about the work, how it impact you or others.

· A page with images of the art, artifact, or an example of art from the exhibition printed either in color or black and white with caption labels.

· A bibliography of references where you found your research.

Suggested Schedule: (Note: This is for a 16 week-course, you should adjust the schedule accordingly for a shorter course.)

· Weeks 1-4 Visit a museum or exhibit take notes and gather resources.,

· Weeks 5-8 Write the outline and the first draft.,

· Weeks 9-12 Add more in-depth information and revisions to the first & second drafts.,

· Weeks 13-15 Finish proofreading and finalize the paper.,

Check the local or regional museum, gallery, or arts organization offerings.

January 10, 2026
January 10, 2026

Heller NRA Brief

Read the NRA’s amicus brief submitted in the District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008).,

Write a one-page summation of the NRA’s argument.  Then in a second page answer the following questions:,

1.  Does the NRA want the U.S. Supreme Court to affirm or overrule the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit’s opinion?,

2.  Why?,

Your submission should adhere to the following guidelines:,

·  The total length of your paper should be a minimum of 2 full pages in length.,

·  Use APA style for general formatting, including margins font type and font size spacing and cover page.

·  Include Bluebook formatted citations within the body of the paper and on the References page.

Heller NRA Brief

 

Page 1: Summation of the NRA’s Argument Judicial Process

In its amicus curiae brief submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court in District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008), the National Rifle Association (NRA) argued in strong support of an individual’s right to keep and bear arms under the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The NRA contended that the District of Columbia’s stringent handgun ban and requirements that firearms in the home be nonfunctional violated the core intent of the Second Amendment. The brief emphasized that the right to self-defense is fundamental and predates the Constitution itself, forming the historical and legal foundation for the right to bear arms.

The NRA drew extensively on historical sources, including early English legal traditions and post-Founding American laws, to argue that the Second Amendment was originally understood to protect an individual’s right to possess firearms for lawful purposes, including personal protection. It rejected the interpretation that the Amendment only applies to militia service, asserting that such a reading was inconsistent with the constitutional text and historical context.

Further, the NRA argued that the D.C. law failed any level of judicial scrutiny, particularly strict scrutiny, given that it essentially amounted to a total ban on handguns in the home—the very type of firearm most commonly used for self-defense. The brief criticized the notion of balancing gun rights against perceived public safety benefits, arguing that constitutional rights are not subject to interest balancing by courts (Brief for NRA as Amicus Curiae Supporting Respondent, Heller, 554 U.S. 570).

Judicial Process

January 10, 2026
January 10, 2026

Strep Throat Case

The patient is a college student, complaining with sore throat, feeling not really ill, and planning NOT to go to campus clinic. After arguing with her roommate (majoring in microbiology) she agree to visit the clinic.

At the clinic, the nurse run a rapid strep test (RST). She swabbed the back of the throat and use in office kit to immediately determine whether Streptococcus pyogenes was present in the sample. Test was (-, negative). Doctor sent the sample down to the clinical lab and sent student back home with prescription of antibiotic (WHICH ONE DO YOU THINK HE PRESCRIBED IT?). 24 HOURS LATER student receive a message from the nurse to start taking the antibiotic immediately.

Strep Throat Case

 

QUESTIONS:

1. Consider that student had had a strep throat two years ago why would she develop it again?,

2. Why would the RST be negative when student in fact have strep throat?,

3. Why was the student given antibiotic (which one?) to treat her infection?,

4. Why is important to treat strep throat promptly?,

5. Why are there NO vaccines against S. pyogenes?

Describe briefly:

What is the type/name of this infection?

Signs and Symptoms –

Causative agent –

Pathogenesis –

Epidemiology –

Treatment –

Prevention –

Assignment to Chapter 12

Infections on Respiratory System

BIOL 200 (Microbiology) lecture

CASE PRESENTATION

The patient is a college student, complaining with sore throat, feeling not really ill, and planning NOT to go to campus clinic. After arguing with her roommate (majoring in microbiology) she agree to visit the clinic.

At the clinic, the nurse run a rapid strep test (RST). She swabbed the back of the throat and use in office kit to immediately determine whether Streptococcus pyogenes was present in the sample. Test was (-, negative). Doctor sent the sample down to the clinical lab and sent student back home with prescription of antibiotic (WHICH ONE