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July 21, 2025
July 21, 2025

Change vs. Difference in Research

  • Compare research that measures change and research that measures difference. Locate a peer-reviewed research study on an area of organizational behavior by using the SUO library database. Evaluate the connection between the study design and also whether it measures change or difference.

Change vs. Difference in Research

    1. What is the difference between research that measures change vs. difference?,

    2. How do these two types of research compare?,

    3. What peer-reviewed study can be found on organizational behavior?,

    4. Does the chosen study measure change or difference?,

    5. How is the study design connected to its measurement focus?

    Change vs. Difference in Research

  • Comprehensive General Response:

    Comparing Research That Measures Change vs. Difference

    Research that measures change focuses on examining how variables evolve over time within the same group. It typically involves longitudinal designs, pre-test/post-test structures, or repeated measures. This kind of research answers questions like: “Has employee engagement improved after leadership training?”

    In contrast, research that measures difference looks at variations between two or more groups, conditions, or populations. It is often cross-sectional and designed to detect contrasts rather than trends. For example, a study might ask: “Do remote workers report higher job satisfaction than on-site employees?” Measuring difference does not require a time component; it emphasizes comparisons at a single point in time.


    Example Study from SUO Library:

    Study:
    Nguyen, H., Groth, M., & Johnson, A. (2020). The impact of abusive supervision on employee voice: The roles of LMX and organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(2), 125–143.

    This peer-reviewed study, available through the South University Online (SUO) library, explores how abusive supervision influences employee voice behavior and whether leader-member exchange (LMX) and organizational commitment mediate this relationship.


    Evaluation of Study Design:

    This study uses a cross-sectional survey design, meaning data was collected at a single point in time from a group of employees. The goal was to compare differences in employee voice behavior based on perceived levels of abusive supervision, rather than tracking how voice behavior changed over time. Therefore, this is a study that measures difference, not change.

    The design supports this focus: multiple regression and path analysis were used to determine whether significant differences exist between groups with varying degrees of supervisor abuse. Because the study does not evaluate changes within the same individuals over time, it is not suited for measuring change. Instead, it examines the differences between conditions and how variables relate within a snapshot of organizational behavior.

    Change vs. Difference in ResearchConclusion:

    Understanding whether a study measures change or difference depends on its structure and goal. Change requires a time-based, within-subjects design, while difference relies on cross-sectional or between-group comparisons. The Nguyen et al. study is an example of the latter, offering valuable insight into behavioral dynamics through group-based differences rather than longitudinal shifts.

July 21, 2025
July 21, 2025

Water and Liberation Themes

Two part writing:

First part: Response Post on The Deep: essay has to be in MLA format: “The Deep” by Rivers Solomon Choose one of the key points from Gumbs’s Undrowned text:

Water as a literal medium for transformation

The danger of being discovered

Breathing in unbreathable circumstances

Love as a liberation strategy

Water and Liberation Themes

Then write a 1-2 page response to the following prompt: Identify one example of your chosen key point in Solomon’s text.

Water and Liberation Themes

Guidelines:

 

Your essay must be in MLA format

 

Second Part: Response Post to The River by brown. Notice that the author “brown” name is lowercased. Essay must be in MLA format or it will not be accepted.

Choose one of the key points from Gumbs’s Undrowned text:

 

Water as a literal medium for transformation

The danger of being discovered

Breathing in unbreathable circumstances

Love as a liberation strategy

 

Then write a 1-2 page response to the following prompt: Identify one example of your chosen key point in brown’s text.

 

Guidelines:

Water and Liberation Themes

Your essay must be in MLA format

So for each essay you are picking a key point from Gumbs’s “Undrowned ” that closely goes with both books and you are writing a 1-2 page response each on both books. Cite page numbers and a work cited page has to be submitted. No outside sources are permitted. Use only Undrowned by Gumbs, The River by brown and The Deep by Rivers Solomon.

  1. What key point from Undrowned by Gumbs will you analyze?,

  2. How is that key point represented in The Deep by Rivers Solomon?,

  3. How is that key point represented in The River by brown?,

  4. What textual evidence (with page numbers) supports your interpretation?,

  5. How can you format both essays in correct MLA style?

July 21, 2025
July 21, 2025

Bible Study Learning Log

Discussion thread: After reading the assigned chapters in Everyday Bible Study (Chapters 1-5), create a learning log that lists 10 quotes from the assigned reading that highlight either a concept that resonated with you or a concept that represents new learning for you. Following each of these quotes, you must provide a 3-5 sentence explanation of how the selected quote represents either what resonated with you or this new learning. For an example of this type of thread, please see the provided example.

Bible Study Learning Log

  1. What 10 quotes from Everyday Bible Study (Chapters 1–5) stood out?,

  2. What concepts resonated with you or were new?,

  3. How does each quote reflect your learning?,

  4. How should you reflect on each quote (3–5 sentence explanation)?,

  5. How should this be formatted as a discussion thread?


Comprehensive General Response (Example Learning Log):

1. “Bible study is not about information but transformation.”
This quote resonated with me because it reframes how I approach Scripture. Instead of reading the Bible just to know facts, I’m reminded that the goal is to let God’s Word change my heart and actions. It’s easy to treat Bible study like homework, but this reminded me to focus on spiritual growth.

2. “Interpretation must always come before application.”
This was a new learning for me. Often, I skip straight to “what does this mean for me?” without first understanding the original context. This quote taught me the importance of correct interpretation to avoid misunderstanding or misusing Scripture.

3. “Context determines meaning.”
This reinforced a concept I’ve heard before but never fully grasped. Understanding the cultural, historical, and literary setting of a passage helps reveal what the author truly intended. Without context, we risk twisting the text to fit our own ideas.

4. “The Bible is a book about God.”
This was a powerful reminder that Scripture isn’t primarily about us—it’s about God and His character, His plan, and His relationship with humanity. It shifts the focus from self-centered reading to God-centered reading, which deepens my faith.

5. “Observation is the first step in Bible study.”
This simple truth helped me realize I often rush into interpreting and applying before truly seeing what’s in the text. Slowing down to observe keywords, repetition, and structure helps me better understand what God is saying.

6. “Repetition in Scripture is often used to emphasize key points.”
This opened my eyes to something I had previously overlooked. When a word or idea is repeated, it’s a cue to pay attention. It’s a tool that helps me recognize the main ideas in a passage.

7. “Every passage has one meaning but many applications.”
This clarified a big confusion for me. I used to think everyone could interpret Scripture differently and still be right. Now I understand that while God may use a passage in various ways in our lives, the original meaning stays consistent.

8. “We must rely on the Holy Spirit in Bible study.”
This reminded me that studying the Bible isn’t just an intellectual exercise. The Holy Spirit helps us understand and apply God’s truth in a personal and spiritual way. Prayer should be a key part of my study time.

9. “A good Bible student asks good questions.”
This motivated me to be more intentional about engaging with the text. Questions like “Who wrote this?” or “What does this say about God?” help me dig deeper. Bible study becomes more active and

July 21, 2025
July 21, 2025

Short Story Literary Analysis

With this paper, you will analyze a short story of your choice and divulge the hidden meaning(s) found in the text.

You may choose any of the essays on this link (or another scholarly work of your choosing):  Short Story ChoicesLinks to an external site.

Address the following prompt:

Short Story Literary Analysis

What is the message of the story you chose? What techniques or strategies does the writer use to deliver the message? Please use the worksheet you completed in Learning Activity #1 to help you determine the techniques.

For example, did the author use foreshadowing, figurative language, suspense, etc.  to help deliver the message? Did the author use characterization to help deliver the message? Did the author use the sequence of events to deliver the message?

When writing this paper, you need to focus on one or two strategies. The main purpose of this paper is the determine whether you can figure out the story’s central message and find which methods the author used to deliver that message.

Paper Details:

Short Story Literary Analysis

MLA formatting (Times New Roman, 12 pt. font, double spaced, heading in upper left corner, header begins on page two) Creative opener (attention-grabbing hook); connecting sentences leading up to thesis; thesis is last sentence of intro Multiple body paragraphs.  Each one considers a different aspect of the paper.  Paragraphs should have good topic sentences, textual evidence, primary source citation, analysis, and some type of transition (this could actually either come at the beginning of the paragraph or at the end) Conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis.  Conclusion should extend the topic in some way.

Short Story Literary Analysis

  1. What is the central message of the chosen short story?,

  2. What literary techniques did the author use to convey this message?,

  3. How do those techniques (e.g.figurative language, suspense foreshadowing) function in the story? ,

  4. How does the author use characterization or event sequence to support the theme?,

  5. How should the essay be structured according to MLA and content guidelines?

July 21, 2025
July 21, 2025

Servant Leadership in Action

What do you feel is the most important thing you can do as a leader to successfully lead and grow a volunteer team? Share an example of a servant leader or specific act of servant leadership. The example can be from your own life, something you read about, or something you researched for this assignment. If the example is from your own life, it is not necessary to include reference to an external source.

  1. What is the most important thing a leader can do to lead a volunteer team?,

  2. How can a leader grow a volunteer team?,

  3. What role does servant leadership play in team success?,

  4. Can you give an example of a servant leader?,

  5. Can personal experiences show servant leadership?,

Servant Leadership in Action


Servant Leadership in Action

Comprehensive General Response:

To successfully lead and grow a volunteer team, the most important thing a leader can do is practice servant leadership—leading by putting the needs of others first. In volunteer environments, people are offering their time and effort without financial compensation, so feeling valued, respected, and connected to the mission is essential. A leader who listens, supports, and empowers volunteers builds loyalty and creates a positive, sustainable team culture.

Growth happens when volunteers feel ownership, purpose, and personal development. This comes from a leader who communicates clearly, delegates responsibility thoughtfully, and cultivates meaningful relationships. Volunteers should feel that their contributions are making a real difference and that their growth matters to the leader.

Servant leadership emphasizes humility, empathy, and leading by example. One well-known example of servant leadership is Martin Luther King Jr., who inspired and mobilized thousands not through authority or power, but through a clear moral vision, personal sacrifice, and deep commitment to others. He served the people he led, often at great personal risk, and empowered others to act with courage and conviction.

On a personal level, servant leadership might look like a team leader who takes time to train new volunteers individually, checks in on their well-being, and willingly takes on behind-the-scenes tasks. Even small actions—like helping clean up after an event or writing personal thank-you notes—demonstrate humility and care.

Ultimately, leading a volunteer team well isn’t about commanding; it’s about serving. When leaders serve, others are inspired to do the same, and the team grows stronger—both in number and in heart.

Servant Leadership in Action

July 21, 2025
July 21, 2025

Christian Origins and Beliefs

Instructor:

Be sure you answer Part One, Part Two, Part Three, and the Reference section of this assignment before submitting.

Part One: Christian Beliefs

Respond thoroughly to the prompts in this part, using total of 250-350 words combined. Use the Bible and at least one academic source (textbook, topic overview, or peer-reviewed article). Cite all of the resources used with in-text citations. Include all the sources you cite on a reference section at the end of this document.

Christian Origins and Beliefs

1. Summarize Christian beliefs about the origins of the universe:

<Answer>

 

2. Summarize Genesis 1-2:

<Answer>

 

3. Summarize general revelation and special revelation:

<Answer>

 

4. Summarize the three major Creationism approaches to Genesis 1-2:

<Answer>

Christian Origins and Beliefs

Part Two: Current Understanding

Respond thoroughly to the prompts in this part, using total of 250-350 words combined. Use the Bible and at least one academic source (textbook, topic overview, or peer-reviewed article). Cite all of the resources used with in-text citations. Include all the sources you cite on a reference section at the end of this document.

1. My current beliefs about the origin of the universe:

<Answer>

 

2. My current beliefs about evolution:

<Answer>

 

3. My current beliefs about the age of the earth:

<Answer>

 

4. My current beliefs about if the Bible and science can be reconciled:

<Answer>

 

Part Three: Impact of Current Understanding

Respond thoroughly to the prompts in this part, using total of 250-350 words combined. Use the Bible and at least one academic source (textbook, topic overview, or peer-reviewed article). Cite all of the resources used with in-text citations. Include all the sources you cite on a reference section at the end of this document.

1. Therefore, this is what I believe about the nature of God:

<Answer>

 

2. Therefore, this is what I believe about the nature of Humanity:

<Answer>

 

3. Therefore, this is what I believe about the care for the Earth:

<Answer>

 

References:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Journal TitleVolume (Issue), Page numbers. Url/permalink

 

 

  1. What are Christian beliefs about the origins of the universe?,

  2. What does Genesis 1–2 summarize?,

  3. What are general and special revelation?,

  4. What are the three major Creationism approaches to Genesis 1–2?,

  5. Can the Bible and science be reconciled?

Christian Origins and Beliefs

July 18, 2025
July 18, 2025

Teenage Risk & Peer Influence

Type Your Name Here

Smarter Decisions through Psychology

SCENARIO: Monica is a single mom who has a 16-year-old son named Jordan. Monica and Jordan were close at one point. As of late, Monica has been noticing that Jordan spends a lot of time focusing on what his friends think about him. Without his mother’s permission, Jordan recently crawled out of his bedroom window and went to a party when he was supposed to be studying for an exam. Upon his return home, Jordan reeked of alcohol and marijuana and was caught by his mother. Shocked and appalled by her son’s recent behavior, she grounded him for two weeks.

Teenage Risk & Peer Influence

Date here

Teenage Risk & Peer Influence

Using what you have learned about the adolescent brain and social development, answer the questions in this case study assignment. Your goals are to help Monica understand why her son makes the choices he does and recommend some strategies that may help solve the problem.

For each question, you should write a paragraph-length response (5–7 sentences) to receive credit for this assignment. You may use your Sophia tutorials as a resource.

Question 1: What happens inside the brain of a teenager that makes it difficult for Jordan to weigh the risks and rewards of his behavior? Describe how the adolescent brain weighs risk and reward.

Question 2: Why does it appear that Jordan values the opinion of his peers more than the opinion of his mother? Explain the psychological concepts that may account for why Jordan places value on his peers’ opinions.

Question 3: What advice would you give Jordan’s mother, Monica, that would teach him how to make better choices and decisions? Discuss a specific strategy that Monica may implement to help her son make better decisions.

Question 4: If you were in Monica’s shoes, how would you feel? Explain why a better understanding of Monica’s perspective could result in more constructive advice.

Teenage Risk & Peer Influence

  • What happens in the brain that makes it difficult for teens to weigh risks and rewards?,

  • Why does Jordan value his peers’ opinions more than his mother’s?,

  • What advice can help Monica guide Jordan’s decision-making?,

  • How might Monica feel in this situation?,

  • Why is understanding Monica’s perspective important?

July 18, 2025
July 18, 2025

Homelessness Aid Data Sources

“Are New York State’s government administrative efforts in aiding the homeless more or less
effective than nonprofit organizations?”

The dependent variable in this research study is the effectiveness of initiatives aimed
at assisting individuals experiencing homelessness.

Homelessness Aid Data Sources

EXPLAIN: What would be the data sources? (Pick from one of the two)

If you choose to collect data from primary data sets, LIST and describe those sources in great detail  OR  If you choose to build your own dataset, lay out the process for building and justification for that dataset.

  1. What is the research question?,

  2. What is the dependent variable?,

  3. What are the two options for data collection?,

  4. Which data option is selected?,

  5. How will data be obtained and justified?

Homelessness Aid Data Sources


Selected Option: Building a New Dataset


Comprehensive Answer:

1. Research Question Recap:
The core question is: Are New York State’s government administrative efforts in aiding the homeless more or less effective than nonprofit organizations?

2. Dependent Variable:
The dependent variable is effectiveness of initiatives—measured in terms of outcomes like reduced homelessness, housing stability, employment, mental health services, and recidivism rates.

3. Chosen Data Collection Method:
I will build my own dataset, as existing data may not offer a direct, comparative view between state and nonprofit effectiveness. Building a dataset allows targeted, tailored measurement.


Process for Building the Dataset:

A. Define Variables and Metrics:

  • Type of provider: Government or nonprofit.

  • Outcome metrics:

    • Housing placement rate

    • Length of time homeless

    • Employment rate after program exit

    • Client satisfaction (via surveys)

    • Service utilization rate (mental health, addiction recovery)

B. Identify Sample Population:

  • Select at least 10 government-run and 10 nonprofit-run programs in New York State.

  • Use random sampling to select clients from each provider for data collection.

C. Data Collection Tools:

  • Surveys and interviews with service users (to assess satisfaction and outcomes)

  • Site visits and observations (to verify program practices)

  • Program records and documentation reviews (to gather administrative data)

Homelessness Aid Data Sources

  • Collect data across a 12-month period to ensure longitudinal insight into program effectiveness and stability of results.

E. Justification for Building Dataset:

  • Comparative insights: Official datasets rarely offer side-by-side comparison of government and nonprofit performance.

  • Customization: Allows defining “effectiveness” based on multiple measurable indicators.

  • Timeliness: Some public data may be outdated; building a dataset ensures relevance and recency.

  • Context-specific metrics: Direct feedback from participants allows capturing human elements such as dignity, accessibility, and trust in services.


Ethical and Practical Considerations:

  • Obtain IRB approval or ethical review, especially for participant interviews.

  • Ensure confidentiality and informed consent.

  • Mitigate bias by using standardized survey tools and neutral language.

July 18, 2025
July 18, 2025

Letter to Texas Representative

Instructions and Rubric for (Letter to a US Political Representative) In this project, you will be writing a letter to an elected representative to request them to take action on a specific policy. You are welcome to mail this letter to your selected representative, but this is not required as part of this project. Submit completed letter. DUE MAY 3

Letter to Texas Representative

a. LENGTH: 900-1200 words (12-point font, single-spaced) You must first determine the specific action you want taken and then determine which elected representative (federal, state, or local *Texas*) to send the letter to. The aim in your letter is to present an argument to persuade the representative to endorse and carry out the policy you desire. You are welcome to use prompts and posts from past forum discussions in selecting your policy and making your argument. Make sure that the desired policy is one that falls within the jurisdiction of the representative you select (asking the Mayor of Austin Texas to repeal Obamacare, for example, would not work). You also want to pick a policy that is specific and feasible. Avoid vague or unattainable policies (asking the President of the United States to establish world peace would be both overly vague and also not within the sole power of the United States to do). Specific, feasible policies are easier to argue for and easier to find evidence for than vague, unattainable policies. The letter should take the form of a formal letter, so include the name and mailing address of the representative you are writing (formal letters often include the mailing address of the sender but, for your privacy, I do not require this. If you like, you can make up a fake address to include, for example “123 Anywhere St., Austin TX”). The letter should open with a salutation and have an appropriate closing (“Sincerely” or something equivalent). Purdue University provides more guidance on what to include in a business letter here. The paper should open (that is, have at least in the first paragraph) a clear statement of the policy action you are arguing for. As part of the argument for your request, you will be required to provide supporting evidence. However, since this is a letter, and not a research paper, weigh the number of citations accordingly. You will have to present facts and back them up (with, say, references to news articles), but a representative would not want to read a letter with 50 footnotes. For example, when you provide a particular statistic from a newspaper article, you should note in the text in a parenthetical reference (footnotes are not required, though you can use them instead if you prefer) the name of the publication and the date of publication. For example: “Crime in DC went up 10% in the first three months of 2021 (Washington Post of Oct. 1, 2020). Provide a hyperlink or URL if possible. Providing one or two references per page would be adequate. Since this is a letter, a bibliography is not necessary. It should be possible to identify your source from your citation, however. All submissions will be submitted to TurnItIn for plagiarism detection. Do not copy and paste

Letter to Texas Representative

 

from other sources into your paper unless you are providing a direct quotations (with quotation marks). These will get flagged, even if you change a word or two. When you are quoting or using information from a source, be sure to cite. Citations are needed for both direct quotations and paraphrases (for an assignment like this, I expect direct quotations will be rare and paraphrases will be much more common). Instructions on how to cite in an informal context like this are given above. Submission will be made through Canvas. Submissions must be in Microsoft Word or PDF format. Rubric:

 

 

Item Description Points

Submission of Outline Submission of an adequate version of an outline 1

Item Description Points

Statement of Policy Request

What are you asking your representative to do? Does the letter make an explicit and actionable policy request of the representative? Is this the correct representative to be asking for the request?

2

Effectiveness and Organization

Does the letter present a clear argument for why the representative should grant its request? Is this argument well-organized, with a clear structure and the space dedicated to issues proportionate to their importance to the request?

12

Supporting citations Are claims about what the reading says backed up by reference to external sources (e.g., newspaper articles or public reports)? Are there an adequate number of supporting citations?

4

Spelling and Grammar Are there so many spelling/grammatical mistakes in the paper that they obstruct understanding?

Letter to Texas Representative

  1. What is the specific, actionable policy request being made?,

  2. Is the letter addressed to the correct level of government representative?,

  3. Does the letter present a clear and organized argument supporting the request?,

  4. Are the claims supported by proper citations and factual evidence?,

  5. Does the letter maintain proper grammar and spelling throughout?