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August 6, 2025

Learning & Teaching Strategies: Birth to Two

Based on analysis of the case study provided, design appropriate learning and teaching strategies for the child in an early childhood education setting. The needs of the child should be understood through Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory. The learning and teaching strategies should also be justified through ecological systems theory. Draw upon a range of literature to support your analysis and decision making.

Criteria :

· Explain your understanding of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory (300 – 500 words)

· Apply the theory to analyse the focus child in the case study provided. (300 – 500 words)

Learning & Teaching Strategies

· Develop a range of teaching and learning strategies to address the developmental needs of the child (800 – 1000 words)

This assignment should include a brief introduction and conclusion.

Learning & Teaching Strategies: Birth to Two

Word count : 2000 words +/- 10%

Learning & Teaching Strategies: Birth to Two

NOTE: SCEI-HE requires its students to observe the highest ethical standards in every aspect of their academic work. SCEI-HE actively demonstrates its commitment to academic integrity by recognising scholarly work and penalising all forms of academic dishonesty. Please refer to the Institute’s HEPP01 Academic Integrity Policy and Procedure for further information or speak to your lecturer, Academic Support Coordinator or Librarian.

Formatting: 12-point serif font (eg. Times New Roman). 1.5 or double line spacing.

Referencing: APA7 (please refer to this guide for referencing guidelines)

Due Date: FRIDAY 2nd February, 2024 11:59PM

 

 

 

Grading Scale:

Grade

 

Criteria

High Distinction Distinction Credit Pass Not Meeting Requirements
C1.

Explain your understanding of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory

 

(15 marks)

1.1

Bronfen-brenner’s ecological systems theory is explained in detail, with some critical reflection.

 

 

1.2

Bronfen-brenner’s ecological systems theory is clearly explained.

 

 

 

 

1.3

Bronfen-brenner’s ecological systems theory is clearly described.

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.4

Bronfen-brenner’s ecological systems theory is accurately outlined but may lack detail.

 

 

1.5

Bronfen-brenner’s ecological systems theory is outlined, may contain minor mis-understandings.

 

1.6

Bronfen-brenner’s ecological systems theory is discussed but contains key mis-understandings and/or inaccuracies.

 

1.7

Bronfen-brenner’s ecological systems theory is absent, or barely mentioned.

 

 

 

 

C2.

Apply the theory to analyse the focus child in the case study provided.

 

 

 

 

 

(10 marks)

2.1

Child is clearly introduced, and ecological systems theory is applied to the case with detailed explanation and critical reflection.

 

2.2

Child is clearly introduced, and ecological systems theory is applied to the case with detailed explanation.

 

 

 

2.3

Child is clearly introduced, and ecological systems theory is clearly applied to the case, with relevant details included to support understanding.

 

 

2.4

Child is clearly introduced, and ecological systems theory is clearly applied to the case.

 

 

 

 

2.5

Child is clearly introduced, and a clear attempt has been made to analyse the case through ecological systems theory.

 

 

 

2.6

Discussion of the child is brief, with no reference to the theory.

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.7

Discussion of the child is either absent or mostly inaccurate.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

C3.

Develop a range of teaching and learning strategies to address the needs of the child

(15 marks)

3.1

Teaching and learning strategies are explained in detail in terms of ecological systems theory and connected to the analysis of the case. Critical reflection on the strategies included.

 

 

3.2

Teaching and learning strategies are clearly explained in terms of ecological systems theory and connected to the analysis of the case.

 

 

 

 

3.3

Teaching and learning strategies are clearly explained and connected to the analysis of the case.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.4

Teaching and learning strategies are clearly described and meet the needs of the child.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.5

Teaching and learning strategies are stated but may not clearly address the needs of the child.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.6

Teaching and learning strategies are noted, but unclear or irrelevant.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.7

Teaching and learning strategies are absent or mostly inaccurate.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

C.4

Relevant academic literature is drawn upon to support explanations and arguments presented.

 

 

(5 marks)

4.1

A broad range of academic literature is drawn upon to justify argument

 

 

 

 

4.2

A broad range of academic literature is drawn upon to clarify argument

 

 

 

 

4.3

A range of academic literature is drawn upon to support argument.

 

 

 

 

 

4.4

A range of academic literature is drawn upon, but only superficially supports argument.

 

 

4.5

Minimal academic literature drawn upon.

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.6

Academic literature drawn upon, but irrelevant to target content.

 

 

 

 

4.7

No literature drawn upon or literature drawn upon is not from appropriate sources.

 

 

 

C5. Assignment is formatted according to requirements and written clearly and cohesively. APA 7 referencing is used. Word limit is adhered to.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(5 marks)

C4.1 The assignment is clear and free of typographical and structural features that hinder understanding. There is no confusion between author voice and that of sources. The assignment is formatted according to stated requirements. The assignment is formatted according to stated requirements. Accurate mechanics of in-text and end-of-text APA (7th Ed.) referencing style were used.

 

Word limit met.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

C4.2 The assignment is clear with minor typographical and structural features that may hinder understanding. There is minimal confusion between author voice and that of sources. The assignment is mostly formatted according to stated requirements. Accurate mechanics of in-text and end-of-text APA (7th Ed.) referencing style were used with minor inconsistencies (no more than 2 errors).

Word limit met.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

C4.3 The assignment is clear with typographical and structural features that may hinder understanding. There is minor confusion between author voice and that of sources. The assignment is partly formatted according to stated requirements. Mechanics of in-text and end-of-text APA (7th Ed.) referencing style were used with inconsistencies (no more than 4 errors).

 

Word limit met.

 

 

C4.4 The assignment has typographical and structural features that significantly hinder understanding. There is confusion between author voice and that of sources.

The assignment is minimally formatted according to stated requirements. Mechanics of in-text and end-of-text APA (7th Ed.) referencing contain several errors.

Word limit met.

 

 

 

 

 

 

C4.5 The assignment has typographical and structural features that prohibit understanding. There is confusion between author voice and that of sources, or author’s voice is absent. The assignment is not formatted according to stated requirements.

Mechanics of in-text and end-of-text APA (7th Ed.) referencing style were not used appropriately.

 

 

 

Word limit not met.

  1. How do you explain Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory?,

  2. How would you apply the theory to analyze a focus child in the case study?,

  3. What teaching and learning strategies will address the developmental needs of the child?,

  4. How will you justify these strategies using ecological systems theory and academic literature?,

  5. What are the academic and formatting requirements for this assignment?

August 6, 2025
August 6, 2025

Resurrection Salvation Faith & Reason

1) After reading the account of the resurrection of Christ in Luke 24 and in Chapter 6 in The Beginning of Wisdom, express why the resurrection is so important to the Christian worldview.

2) According to the Christian worldview, how does one gain eternal life? Use Bible verses to support your response. How does the Christian concept of the afterlife differ from that concept in other worldviews?

3) Jesus made many absolute statements such as the following:

Resurrection Salvation Faith & Reason

John 14:6: “I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me” (NIV).

Matthew 7:13-14: “Enter through the narrow gate. For wide is the gate and broad is the road that leads to destruction, and many enter through it. But small is the gate and narrow the road that leads to life, and only a few find it.”

Interacting with these statements and based on Chapter 8 of  The Beginning of Wisdom and the topic overview, how would you answer someone who is concerned that Christianity portrays that Jesus is the only way to salvation?

Resurrection Salvation Faith & Reason

4) Many believe naturalism (atheism) emphasizes intellect and reason, while religions emphasize faith. Pope John Paul II made the following profound statement at the beginning of his  Encyclical Letter Fides et Ratio:

“Faith and reason are like two wings on which the human spirit rises to the contemplation of truth; and God has placed in the human heart a desire to know the truth – in a word, to know himself – so that, by knowing and loving God, men and women may also come to the fullness of truth about themselves” (Catholic Church & John Paul II, 1998, p. 1).

Do you believe this quote adequately depicts the Christian view of the interaction of faith and reason, and the value of both? Why or why not? Does the atheistic worldview also use faith and reason? Why or why not?

Reference: Catholic Church, & John Paul II. (1998).  Faith and reason: Encyclical letter Fides et ratio of the Supreme Pontiff John Paul II on the relationship between faith and reason. Vatican City: The Holy See. Retrieved from http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_14091998_fides-et-ratio.html

Resurrection Salvation Faith & Reason

  1. Why is the resurrection so important to the Christian worldview?,

  2. How does one gain eternal life according to Christianity and how does this afterlife differ from other worldviews?,

  3. How would you respond to concerns that Christianity’s claim of Jesus as the only way to salvation is exclusive?,

  4. Does the quote from Pope John Paul II accurately reflect the Christian relationship between faith and reason?,

  5. Does atheism also rely on faith and reason? Why or why not?

August 6, 2025
August 6, 2025

Two-Mirror Beam Scanning System

Here we consider system with two scanning mirrors to scan a laser beam in the focal plane of a microscope objective. We relay the scanners to the microscope pupil via a telescope consisting of a small first lens of focal length f1 = 75 mm and a larger lens of focal length f2 = 200 mm separated by the sum of their focal lengths. Ideally the second lens functions like a tube lens in that its back focal point is at the pupil of the objective and a real image is formed at the point where the rays cross in the figure.

Ideally, we would place the scanning mirrors at the front focal plane of the first lens so they would be conjugate to the microscope pupil. However, the two mirrors cannot occupy the same location so we place them 10 mm before and after this location. We will move the mirrors so that the laser beam moves through ±5 deg at the mirrors.

Two-Mirror Beam Scanning System

a. Where are the scanner images (as seen through the two relay lenses) relative to the pupil?

b. What is the angle of the scan after the two lenses (i.e. at these images).

c. As the beam is scanned, it moves away from the center of the pupil.

How far does it move? Draw pictures to show this.

d. If the focal length of the objective is 10 mm what is the full field of

view of the scanned image in millimeters? A picture containing text, antenna  Description automatically generated

Two-Mirror Beam Scanning System

  1. Where are the scanner images located relative to the pupil after passing through the relay lenses?,

  2. What is the scan angle after the two lenses at the image plane?,

  3. How far does the beam move away from the pupil center as it scans?,

  4. What is the full field of view (FOV) at the sample plane if the objective’s focal length is 10 mm?,

  5. Can you provide diagrams to illustrate the beam movement and imaging?


Comprehensive General Answer:


Given Data:

  • First lens focal length, f₁ = 75 mm

  • Second lens focal length, f₂ = 200 mm

  • Distance between lenses = f₁ + f₂ = 275 mm

  • Scanner mirrors are placed at ±10 mm from the front focal plane of lens 1.

  • Scan angle at the mirrors: ±5 degrees

  • Objective focal length = 10 mm

August 6, 2025
August 6, 2025

Wellness Coaching Career Plan

Please describe four of the most challenging situations you might face as a wellness coach. Also discuss, briefly how you might handle them. Also outline a brief model of how you would begin your quest to become a wellness coach and include:

1) certification you would acquire

2) developing a referral source

3) discuss important resources you will need to sustain your business

4) outline a marketing and social media strategy that will grow your brand and visibility

Wellness Coaching Career Plan

Wellness Coaching Career Plan

  1. What are four challenging situations you might face as a wellness coach?,

  2. How would you handle these challenges?,

  3. Which certification would you acquire to become a wellness coach?,

  4. How would you develop a referral network?,

  5. What resources and marketing strategies will sustain and grow your business?


Comprehensive General Answer:

Challenging Situations as a Wellness Coach & Solutions:

  1. Client Resistance to Change – Clients may struggle with motivation or deny unhealthy habits. I would use motivational interviewing techniques, focusing on their values and small, achievable goals to foster gradual change.

  2. Overstepping Professional Boundaries – Clients might seek therapy-level emotional support. I would establish clear coaching boundaries early and refer clients to mental health professionals when needed.

  3. Inconsistent Client Commitment – Frequent cancellations or lack of follow-through are common. Setting up accountability structures, automated reminders, and re-aligning on their “why” would help improve consistency.

  4. Competing in a Saturated Market – Standing out in a crowded wellness industry is tough. I would specialize in a niche (e.g., stress management for corporate employees) and build a strong personal brand through content and community engagement.


Pathway to Becoming a Wellness Coach:

  1. Certification to Acquire:
    I would pursue a certification from the National Board for Health & Wellness Coaching (NBHWC) or International Coach Federation (ICF). These are well-recognized and meet professional industry standards.

  2. Developing a Referral Source:
    Building relationships with local physicians, gyms, yoga studios, therapists, and nutritionists would be key. I would attend networking events, offer free workshops, and join local health organizations to establish credibility and create a strong referral pipeline.

  3. Important Resources Needed:

    • Practice management software (for scheduling, payments, client records)

    • Professional liability insurance

    • Business website with booking functionalities

    • Continuing education materials (webinars, courses)

    • Comfortable home office or rental space for client sessions

    • Budget for marketing and initial branding

  4. Marketing & Social Media Strategy:
    I’d focus on building a strong online presence through:

    • Content Marketing: Posting wellness tips, success stories, and video content on Instagram, LinkedIn, and YouTube.

    • Email Newsletters: Regular value-packed emails to build trust and retain clients.

    • Collaborations: Partnering with influencers, wellness bloggers, and local events.

    • SEO Blogging: Writing articles addressing common health concerns to drive organic traffic.

    • Targeted Ads: Running ads on Facebook and Instagram to reach my ideal client demographic.

August 6, 2025
August 6, 2025

Lunar Phases

1- Introduction

The lunar phase project involves observing the phase of the moon every day over a complete lunar cycle. For this project the observing location can change each day, but you must note it down in your observation section. Also, note that the time at which the moon will be visible will change during the cycle. Sometimes the moon will be visible during the day, and sometimes it will be visible at night. On occasion you may have to stay up late or wake up early in order to make an observation.

You should sketch an image of the phase of the moon in your log, and include the local sunrise and moonrise time that day. You can obtain the sunrise and moonrise time for any day by using the website. ( https://www.timeanddate.com/moon). You may choose your living zip code.

Lunar Phases

From the sunrise and moonrise time you can calculate the angular separation of the sun and the moon. Figure out how many hours and minutes pass between sunrise and the next moonrise. The earth rotates on its axis about 360 degrees in 24 hours, which means it rotates 15 degree every hour or 0.25 degrees every minute. You can convert the time separation between sunrise and moonrise into an approximate angular separation between the sun and the moon by multiplying each hour by 15 degree and each minute 0.25 degree. As an example, if the moon rises 3 hours and 12 minute after the sun, then the angular separation is 3*15+ 12*0.25 = 48 degree.

Lunar Phases

2- Observations.

Record your observations in the table below. Include the date and time you observed the moon, moonrise and sunrise times for the day, and a sketch of the phase of the moon as you see it that day.

Date

Time

Sunrise time

Moonrise time

Sketch of phase

Date

Time

Sunrise time

Moonrise time

Sketch of phase

2- Calculations

For each observation record in the previous section, calculate the angular separation between the sun and moon using the sunrise and moonrise times and the method discussed in the introduction. Describe the phase you sketched above as an estimate of what percentage of the moon is illuminated.(between 0% and 100%) as well as which side of the moon is illuminated.(left or right).

Date

Angular Separation

Percent Illuminated

Side Illumi

Lunar Phases

  • How do you log daily moon observations?,

  • How is angular separation between the sun and moon calculated?,

  • How can you estimate the percentage illumination of the moon?,

  • Which side of the moon is illuminated during different phases?,

  • How do sunrise and moonrise times help in tracking moon phases?

August 6, 2025
August 6, 2025

Home Energy Usage Experiment

Discussion-   It’s possible to save a great deal of electrical energy (and money and natural resources) with some simple changes in household electrical use. The trouble is that most of these changes mean either changing behavior or spending money. Do an Internet search and review a few ways to save electrical energy. Discuss at least one change that you think would be reasonable and worthwhile to do in your own home in the next year. Provide your rationale.

Home Energy Use

In this activity, you are going to perform an experiment to track the amount of power you and your family use, then look at some basic patterns in that usage. (NOTE: If you live in an apartment or home in which you do not have access to the electrical meter, consult with your instructor about alternative arrangements, like teaming with a classmate to gather this data.)

This experiment is going to span the course of a full week and require 12 meter readings. It really involves two separate experiments:

  • tracking daily energy use for a week to compare any usage variations from day to day
  • comparing a single high-usage time period of a few hours with a single low-usage time period of a few hours to help you identify the extremes in your household electrical use

Home Energy Usage Experiment

Home Energy Usage Experiment

You can easily do both experiments during the same time period. This approach would be the easiest and fastest way to proceed. Read the instructions for both Part A and Part B if you wish to do both experiments at the same time.

To begin, you’ll need to find your electric meter, which could be inside or outside of your home. Many electric meters these days are digital and pretty easy to read, but if you have an older “dial-type” meter, go to this electric meter reading guide to learn about how to read and understand it.

For each of the two experiments below, you will first record three simple pieces of data in a table:

1) day and date, 2) time, and 3) the kWh reading from the meter.

Then record the results of three simple calculations:

  • kWh used: Calculate kWh used since the last reading (subtraction).
  • Hours elapsed: Calculate the number of hours since the last reading (subtraction rounded to a whole number).
  • Average kW used: (kWh used)/(hours elapsed). If this number turns out to be 0.36, for example, it means that your average household power usage for the time period was about 360 watts, the equivalent of running six 60-watt bulbs for that whole time period.

Part A

Daily Electrical Usage: Data Collection

Pick a convenient time of day to take readings from your electric meter. You’ll need readings roughly a day apart, but if they differ by only an hour or two, that should be fine. Pick a consistent time you’ll remember, though, such as after getting home for the day. You need to start by doing an initial meter reading, then follow up with a reading every day for the next 7 days. You’ll do 8 readings in all.

Record your readings in the tables below. In addition to the data fields described above, there is a lot of room for usage notes. Record anything that might have substantially affected the electrical usage since your previous reading. This might include the amount of time people were around and awake at home, use of specific devices such as an air conditioner, clothes dryer, TV, or lighting.

Type your response here:

Initial Reading

day & date

time

kWh reading

Day 1                Data Usage notes (since last reading)

day & date

time

kWh reading

kWh used

hours elapsed  ‘

avg. kW used

Day 2                        Data Usage notes (since last reading)

day & date

time

kWh reading

kWh used

hours elapsed

avg. kW used

Day 3                          Data Usage notes (since last reading)

day & date

time

kWh reading

kWh used     ‘

hours elapsed

avg. kW used

Day 4                                Data Usage notes (since last reading)

day & date

time

kWh reading

kWh used

hours elapsed

avg. kW used

Day 5 Data                 Usage notes (since last reading)

day&date

time

kWh reading

kWh used

hours elapsed

avg. kW used

Day 6           Data                   Usage notes (since last reading)

day & date

time

kWh reading

kWh used

hours elapsed

avg. kW used

Day 7 Data                                                                Usage notes (since last reading)

day & date

time

kWh reading

kWh used

hours elapsed

avg. kW used

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Part B

Home Energy Usage Experiment

Usage Extremes: Data Collection

For this experiment, you’ll measure electrical usage during a time period when you expect to have very light electrical usage (for instance, while you’re asleep at night or during the day when no one is at home). Likewise you’ll measure electrical usage during a time period when you expect to have heavier than average electrical usage. This time period might be in the evening, when lights and other appliances are on. Both of these time periods should be at least 4 hours long, to increase the accuracy of your results.

Record your results in the tables below for each situation. For each time period, you’ll need to take an initial and a final reading.

Type your response here:

Low Usage – Initial Reading

day & date

time

kWh reading

Low Usage – Final Reading                             Energy Usage Notes

day & date

time

kWh reading
kWh used

hours elapsed

avg. kW used

High Usage – Initial Reading

day & date

time

kWh reading

High Usage – Final Reading                       Energy Usage Notes

day & date

time

kWh reading

kWh used

hours elapsed

avg. kW used

10ptSpace used(includes formatting): 1981 / 30000

Part C

Let’s start the analysis by looking at your “extreme usage” cases. Compare the two cases in detail—low usage period versus high usage period. Discuss differences between the two as well as any surprises. Things you should cover in your discussion: How much difference was there in average power usage (avg. kW) between the low-usage and high-usage time periods? What might have been running during the low-usage period that used energy? Identify likely “stealth” energy users that you could not turn off during the low-usage period. What do you suppose contributed most to the usage during the high-usage period?

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Part D

Having looked at your “extreme usage” cases, analyze your day-to-day usage. Discuss in detail. Specifically, compare higher usage days to lower usage days. Were there significant variations? Do your conclusions regarding the “extreme” cases help to explain any daily variations? What were the surprises or new insights you had in reviewing this day-to-day usage record?

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Part E

It is possible to save a great deal of electrical energy (and money and natural resources) with some simple changes. You’re probably familiar with what some of those changes are and are now more attuned to your own electrical usage. The trouble is, most of these changes either mean changing behavior or spending money. Search the Web for a few ways to save electrical energy. Record them below and categorize them, if possible, as “change behavior” or “spend money.” You might want to consider adding a “neither” category. There are a few things that don’t really require much change or money at all. Include your sources in your answer.

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Part F

Based on what you’ve learned from your household energy investigation, which of these methods seems reasonable to do in your own home this year? (Do you plan to do it?) Provide your rationale.

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What Is “Wasted” Electrical Energy?

Discuss the production, transmission, and usage of electricity in the context of conservation of energy. When electricity is “used” or we say that energy is “wasted,” what is actually happening?

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Electrical Safety Devices

Perform an Internet search to learn about grounding wires, fuses, and circuit breakers. Specifically,

  • describe how each device works; and
  • relate its function to what you’ve learned in this unit about electric current, voltage and resistance.
  1. What is one reasonable and worthwhile change you can make at home to save electrical energy?,

  2. How do you track daily household energy use for a week?,

  3. How does your home’s energy usage vary between high-usage and low-usage periods?,

  4. What are some behavioral or monetary changes to reduce electrical energy consumption?,

  5. What happens when electrical energy is “wasted” during production transmission or usage?

August 6, 2025
August 6, 2025

Preproduction Planning Activity

Unit: Preproduction Activities

This activity will help you meet these educational goals:

· Content Knowledge—You will employ planning and time-management skills and create a production schedule and budget.

· Inquiry—You will perform an investigation in which you will communicate your results in written form.

· 21st Century Skills—You will apply creativity and innovation, use critical thinking and problem solving skills, and communicate results effectively.

Introduction

In this activity, you will create the production schedule, create the script, and create the budget for the biographical film based on your icon.

____Preproduction Planning Activity______________________________________________________________________

Directions and Analysis

Task 1: Identify the Steps for Script Creation

Once your production schedule is ready, list the steps for creating a script. Give a brief explanation about your approach.

Type your response here:

Task 2: Identify the Steps for Creating the Production Schedule

Prepare a production schedule for the narrative element you would like to include in your final biographical film.

Type your response here:

Task 3: Identify the Steps for Creating the Budget

Identify the items required during production and list the cost associated with manpower, equipment, location, food and beverage, transport, and talent. Write a note regarding your preparation.

Type your response here:

________Preproduction Planning Activity__________________________________________________________________

Evaluation

Your teacher will use this rubric to evaluate the completeness of your work as well as the clarity of thinking that you exhibit.

Total Points: 100

Task 1: Identify the Steps for Script Creation

Task points: [20]

· (05) analyzing the production schedule

· (15) identifying the steps for creating the script

Task 2: Identify the Steps for Creating the Production Schedule

Task points: [40]

· (10) creating a list of crew and equipment

· (10) identifying responsibilities and tasks of crew members

· (05) using mentoring skills to guide the crew

· (15) creating timelines and deadlines

Task 3: Identify the Steps for Creating the Budget

Task points: [40]

· (15) analyzing the script and identifying the different items required for production

· (25) identifying the cost of different items required per the script

  • What are the steps for creating a script after the production schedule is ready?,

  • How do you prepare a production schedule for a biographical film?,

  • What items should be identified and budgeted for during production?,

  • How should crew roles and equipment needs be outlined in the production schedule?,

  • How can you ensure accurate cost estimation for manpower, location, and talent in the budget?

August 6, 2025

Electromagnetic Radiation & Nuclear Energy

Scientists such as Heinrich Hertz, Philipp Lenard, Max Planck, and Albert Einstein made scientific contributions that ultimately demonstrated that light is electromagnetic radiation, and that it has a “dual nature.” Some electromagnetic phenomena are best explained with a particle model, and some with a wave model. In a sense, “wave” and “particle” are just easy mental models for light. We employ them because we are used to seeing waves and particles—such as those in water waves and baseballs—in our daily lives. Electromagnetic radiation is a basic concept in physics, but it doesn’t fit completely into one of these neat little boxes.

Research and discuss at least one modern technology that employs electromagnetic radiation and that can be explained by the wave model, the particle model, or a combination of the two. Some possible technologies include solar panels, burglar alarms, cameras, and cell phones.

Research Fusion and Fission Reactions

Read about Nuclear power and then search the internet for more information about fission and fusion reactions. Use the search terms:

Electromagnetic Radiation & Nuclear Energy

 

  • deuterium-tritium fusion reaction
  • uranium-235 fission reaction
  • plutonium-239 fission reaction

Part A

Why is the deuterium-tritium reaction the most promising nuclear fusion reaction for future energy production?

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Part B

Why is uranium-235 the most common isotope for nuclear fission in current use in nuclear power generation?

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Part C

Why is it advantageous to produce plutonium-239?

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Electromagnetic Radiation & Nuclear Energy

Calculations

Complete the calculations for each nuclear reaction listed below.

Use these resources to better understand the activity at hand and to help in your tasks:

Conversions:

  • 1MeV = 1.6 x 10-13 J
  • Energy use per person per year in the United States = 3.5 x 1011 Joules
    (estimated, varies by source, August 2009)
  • Approximate population of USA: 310,000,000

Question 1

Deuterium-Tritium Fusion Reaction

Given: energy released = 17.59 MeV per deuterium/tritium reaction pair (mass = 5 amu)

Part A

List the balanced nuclear reaction.

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Part B

Determine the energy released per kilogram of fuel used.

  • Given MeV per reaction, calculate energy in joules per kilogram of reactants.
  • Consider 1 mole of tritium plus 1 mole of deuterium to be a mole of “reactions” (total molar mass = 5 grams).

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Part C

Determine the mass of fuel required for the expected energy consumption in the United States for the next 10 years.

  • Energy use per person per year in the United States = 3.5 × 1011 joules.
  • Base your calculations on a current population of 310,000,000.

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Question 2

Uranium-235 Fission

Given: energy released = about 200 MeV per individual reaction (mass = 235 amu)

Part A

Find the balanced nuclear reaction.

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Part B

Determine the energy released per kilogram of fuel used.

  • Given MeV per reaction, calculate energy in joules per kilogram of reactants.
  • Consider 1 mole of uranium-235 to be a mole of “reactions” (molar mass = 235 grams).

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Part C

Determine the mass of fuel required for the expected energy consumption in the United States for the next 10 years:

  • Provide the energy use per person per year in the United States = 3.5 × 1011 joules.
  • Base your calculations on a current population of 310,000,000.

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Question 3

Plutonium-239

Given: energy released = about 200 MeV per individual reaction (mass = 239 amu)

Part A

List the balanced nuclear reaction.

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Part B

Determine the energy released per kilogram of fuel used.

  • Given MeV per reaction, calculate energy in joules per kilogram of reactants.
  • Consider 1 mole of plutonium-239 to be a mole of “reactions” (molar mass = 239 grams).

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Part C

Determine the mass of fuel required for the expected energy consumption in the United States for the next 10 years.

  • Energy use per person per year in the United States = 3.5 × 1011 joules.
  • Base your calculations on a current population of 310,000,000.

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Analysis and Conclusions

Write a summary of your findings from the calculations section above. Discuss information from your research and the pros and cons of each energy alternative.

Part A

Summarize the results of your calculations from Task 2.

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Part B

Discuss the pros and cons of fission and fusion reactions based on your research.

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Part C

Write your conclusions as to which nuclear reaction is the best alternative energy source.

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Electromagnetic Radiation & Nuclear Energy

  • Describe a modern technology that demonstrates light’s wave-particle duality.,

  • Why is the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction the most promising for energy production?,

  • Why is uranium-235 commonly used in nuclear fission reactors?,

  • Why is plutonium-239 production advantageous?,

  • Which nuclear reaction (fission or fusion) is the best alternative energy source? Explain.

August 6, 2025
August 6, 2025

Electromagnetism & Aurora Discussion

discussion-  Research and discuss the aurora borealis in terms of electric charges, magnetic fields, and forces. Which times of the year are best for seeing the northern lights, and where are the best places to view them? Explain your answers. Also identify links to good images. If you’ve ever seen the aurora borealis, describe your experience and note the time and place that you saw it.

Faraday’s Law

Electric generators use the properties of electromagnetism to transform kinetic energy into electrical energy. Many electric generators work by spinning a permanent magnet near coils of wire. Experiment with this simulation of electricity generation to visualize how this process works. Once the simulation opens, try moving the permanent magnet around to see what happens. Also rapidly switch the polarity of the magnet by repeatedly clicking on the magnet icon at the bottom of the page, and observe the effect.

Electromagnetism & Aurora Discussion

Part A

Try moving the magnet in the different ways described in the table below,. Record your observations in the second column of the table.

Motion                                                            Observations

Move the magnet straight through the coil, leading with the north pole. Once the magnet is completely through, move it back to its original position.

Move the magnet straight through the coil, only this time leading with the south pole. Once the magnet is completely through, move it back to its original position

Put the magnet in the center of the coil, but don’t move it.

Put the magnet on the outside of the coil. Repeatedly move it up and down while outside of the coil.

Keeping the magnet outside of the coil. Repeatedly move it back and forth horizontally.

Place the magnet back inside of the coil. Now repeatedly switch the polarity of the magnet by pressing the button toward the bottom-right of the page over and over again.

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Part B

After producing electricity in many different ways, describe what causes electricity to flow in the coil? In your response, describe the types of forces acting on the electrons and how they result in movement.

Electromagnetism & Aurora Discussion

As you know, loudspeakers are used for communication at sporting events, and in schools or supermarkets. Research loudspeakers on the Web. Describe the components of a speaker and explain how it produces sound. In particular, explain how the force on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field is used to make a speaker operate.

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Electromagnetism & Aurora Discussion

Throughout this lesson, you learned about the lives and contributions of key scientists in this area of physics. Create a timeline that ties them all together. The timeline does not need to be highly detailed, but it should do the following:

  • Include at least the four major scientists covered in this unit: Oersted, Ampère, Faraday, and Tesla.
  • Include key contributions of each scientist and provide a year, if possible, for those contributions.
  • Note any relationships among these and other scientists, especially if one developed something based on the work of another.
  • Arrange the scientists chronologically by their first key contribution, not by their birth date.
  • How are electric charges magnetic fields and forces involved in the aurora borealis?,

  • When and where is the best time/place to view the northern lights?,

  • What causes electricity to flow in a coil during electromagnetic induction?,

  • How do loudspeakers use electromagnetism to produce sound?,

  • What is a timeline of contributions from Oersted Ampère Faraday and Tesla?

August 6, 2025
August 6, 2025

Force & Acceleration Lab

1) Introduction: Explain the theory behind this experiment in a paragraph between 150 and 250 words. (2 Points)

Suppose you are using external resources; include the reference. It would be best if you had any relevant formulas and explanations of each term. You may use the rich formula tools embedded here.

2) Hypothesis: In an If /Then statement, highlight the purpose of the experiment.

For instance: If two same shape objects with different masses are dropped from the same height, they will hit the ground simultaneously. (2 points)

Post-lab section:

Force & Acceleration Lab

3) Attach your analysis here, including any table, chart, or plot image. (3 Points)

4) Attach the image of any table, chart, or plot here. (4 points)

Each part is 2 points.

Table 1 and the calculation of the percent error.

Table 2 and the calculation of the percent error.

5) Attach the image of samples of your calculation here. (2 points)

6) In a paragraph between 100 and 150 words, explain what you Learn. What conclusion can you draw from the results of this lab assignment? (2 points)

Force & Acceleration Lab
7) In one sentence, compare the results of the experiment with your Hypothesis. Why? (1 point)

8) Attach your response to the questions in the lab manual here. (4 points)

Force & Acceleration Lab

  1. What is the theory behind this experiment?,

  2. What hypothesis describes the experiment’s purpose?,

  3. How is percent error calculated in data analysis?,

  4. What was learned from conducting the experiment?,

  5. Do the experimental results support the hypothesis?


Comprehensive General Answer:


Pre-Lab Section

1) Introduction (Theory)

This experiment aims to verify Newton’s Second Law of Motion, which states that the force acting on an object is equal to the product of its mass and acceleration, expressed by the formula:

F=maF = ma

Where:

  • FF = Net Force (Newtons, N)

  • mm = Mass of the object (kilograms, kg)

  • aa = Acceleration (meters per second squared, m/s²)

The theory predicts a direct proportionality between applied force and acceleration when mass is constant. In practical experiments, factors like friction and air resistance must be minimized or accounted for, as they introduce deviations from ideal behavior. Data will be collected by applying varying forces to a cart of fixed mass and recording the resulting acceleration. Comparing theoretical acceleration (calculated from force and mass) with experimental values (measured) allows us to analyze the law’s validity through percent error evaluation. A small percent error would indicate experimental confirmation of Newton’s law.

Reference: Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Walker, J. (2014). Fundamentals of Physics, 10th Ed., Wiley.


2) Hypothesis (If/Then Statement)

If the applied force on a constant mass increases, then the object’s acceleration will increase proportionally, confirming Newton’s Second Law.


Post-Lab Section

3) Data Analysis (Sample Explanation)

We recorded the applied forces and measured the acceleration using motion sensors. The theoretical acceleration was calculated using:

atheoretical=Fma_{theoretical} = \frac{F}{m}

The experimental acceleration was determined from velocity-time graphs. Percent error was calculated using:

% Error=∣aexperimental−atheoretical∣atheoretical×100\% \, \text{Error} = \frac{|a_{experimental} – a_{theoretical}|}{a_{theoretical}} \times 100

Data tables (Table 1 and Table 2) present values of force, mass, acceleration (theoretical and experimental), and calculated percent errors.


4) Tables & Percent Error Calculations

  • Table 1 (Force vs Acceleration): [Insert Image Here]

  • Table 2 (Percent Error Analysis): [Insert Image Here]

Each table lists applied forces, calculated accelerations, and corresponding percent error values for each trial.