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August 8, 2025
August 8, 2025

Operant Learning Analysis

For this assignment, you will write a paper that presents a detailed analysis of the basic concepts of operant learning.

1. Basic Procedures, Principles, and Processes 

a. Define the 4 basic types of consequences that can be used in consequence-based interventions and the effect of each. b. Define an extinction procedure and the resulting effect.  c. Pick 3 of the 5 procedures discussed in your answers to “a” and “b,” and explain how you could use them to reduce the frequency of talking to a peer (inappropriately) while the teacher is talking.    d. Now identify which behavioral process or principle is associated with each of the following procedures: shaping procedures, overcorrection procedures, coercive interactions, bonuses/commission, timeout procedures, response redirection, response cost procedures, and planned ignoring. In other words, for each of the 8 intervention procedures listed in item “d,” state which behavioral process or principle it is associated with and how you know. (Hint: Your answers will always be one of the five terms you have already discussed in items “a” and “b” above.)

Operant Learning Analysis

Operant Learning Analysis ( Additional information to note: The related terminology of behavioral procedures, principles, and processes can understandably be very confusing. Remember that behavioral procedures describe the environmental manipulations that are made in order to demonstrate the related behavioral processes. The behavioral processes occur because of the functional relationships between the environmental manipulations and the behavior, which are referred to as the behavioral principles involved.

For example, “As a behavior change procedure, extinction provides zero probability of reinforcement. As a behavioral process, extinction refers to the diminishing rate of a previously reinforced behavior when that behavior no longer produces reinforcement. As a principle, extinction refers to the functional relation between withholding reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior and the resultant diminishing rate of response,” (Cooper et al., 2020, p.594).)

2. Characteristics of Effective Consequences

a. Describe several characteristics that make consequences more or less effective. Be sure to include recommendations regarding their immediacy/contiguity, contingency, and intensity (with respect to punishing stimuli). b. Describe at least two ways to identify effective consequences for an individual. (Refer to chapter 11 in Cooper et al. (2020) and chapter 6 in Mayer et al. (2022).)

3. Use of Reinforcement versus Punishment Procedures

a. Describe some potential side effects of using punishing stimuli and punishment procedures.  b. Explain how reinforcement and punishment procedures should be selected.

· Which should be prioritized and why?

· Could/should they both be incorporated into a treatment package and how?

Your paper should be  5-8 pages in length and written in APA style. It should include at least  5 peer reviewed references. These can be books or articles where you got your information to help answer the questions, or peer-reviewed journal articles that provide examples of interventions or procedures you discussed in your paper (e.g., an article that used extinction to reduce a problem behavior).

Operant Learning Analysis

Please note: Your assignment should be submitted in a  Word Document format  using Times New Roman 12. The assignment must use APA format (See link to APA publication style in the course site resources.)  Please include an appropriate heading on your paper and references to support methods or procedures used.

Please be sure to save your work using the naming convention:

Student last name, first name, ABA 505 Assignment 2

To view how you will be graded on this assignment, refer to the  Grading Rubric. (attached)

  • What are the 4 basic types of consequences in operant learning and their effects?,

  • What is extinction and what is its effect?,

  • How can three selected procedures be applied to reduce inappropriate peer talking?,

  • Which behavioral principle or process is associated with each listed intervention procedure and why?,

  • What characteristics make consequences more or less effective?

August 8, 2025
August 8, 2025

Analysis of Biostatistical Articles

Identify two peer-reviewed articles from the South University Online Library that present statistical analysis of an issue of Public Health importance. Provide links to these articles online (such as a URL, web address or DOI number). Give a summary of each article, including hypotheses, methods, and findings. Research the topic and available data sources. Based on the biostatistical methods you have learned about in this course, analyze the articles and their findings.

Be sure to consider:

· What data does the article use? How was it collected and measured?

· What is the type of study or study design?

· Explain the type of biostatistical study design that the author has used.

· What is the hypothesis or hypotheses that the author intends to test?

Analysis of Biostatistical Articles

Analysis of Biostatistical Articles

· Explain the statistics that the author uses to test these hypotheses.

· What are the article’s statistical findings?

· Describe the statistical results of the author’s analysis.

· Provide a substantive interpretation of these findings.

· What is the relevance of these findings to Public Health research, policy, or practice?

· How may these findings influence decisions that are made?

Submission Details:

· Submit your document to the  Submissions Area by  the due date assigned. Each of your summaries should be approximately 500 words (for a total of roughly 1000 words, not counting title page and references). Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Utilize at least 3 or 4 scholarly sources in your research and be sure to include a references page. Write in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Analysis of Biostatistical Articles

  1. What data does each article use and how was it collected/measured?,

  2. What study design did each article use?,

  3. What hypotheses were tested and how were they tested statistically?,

  4. What were the statistical findings and their substantive interpretation?,

  5. What is the public-health relevance and potential policy/practice impact?

August 8, 2025
August 8, 2025

Literature Search and Appraisal

When conducting a literature review, what are the steps you should you take to successfully search the evidence? Once you have generated your results, how do you properly appraise the evidence, grade them, and select the ones you want to use?

When conducting a literature review, the goal is to produce a set of results that match your search criteria. The results you get will vary dramatically depending on the search engine(s) you utilize and which key words you choose to enter. Selecting the right database(s) is one skill; selecting the best key words is another. In this Assignment, you will hone your skills in both of these important aspects of the search process.

Keep in mind, the results of your search will vary in terms of quality, as well as appropriateness, and significance to your research goals. For this reason, searching is only the first step of the process. The second step is to appraise the results you identified, and based on your evaluations, select the literature that you will select.

Literature Search and Appraisal

TO PREPARE:

Literature Search and Appraisal

· Review the Learning Resources for this week which focus on how to successfully search and appraise search results.

· Review the course textbook Appendices E, F, and G, located in the Learning Resources for this week, which you will be required to complete and submit as part of this Assignment.

· Select  one organizational type and  one gap in practice or practice change on which to focus for this Assignment. Note: You may select a new organizational type and gap in practice or practice change or, if you choose, you may reuse one on which you focused for a previous Assignment, Discussion, or Blog in this course. Also Note: These may or may not be the same organizational type and gap in practice or practice change as those you will focus on for your Practicum and DNP Project.

· Consider all of the factors you should take into account when searching the evidence, then, using the Walden Library databases, conduct a search related to the organizational type and gap in practice or practice change you selected.

· Consider all of the factors you should take into account when apprising evidence, then, using the course text Appendices E, F, and G, appraise the results of your search.

· Based on your appraisals, identify the  three recent (within the last five years), peer-reviewed articles that you think are most relevant to your research goals. Note: For this Assignment, you must complete Appendix G based on having completed either Appendix E or F for each of the three articles you selected, as appropriate. You will submit a total of   five documents (four completed Appendices along with your 2–3-page paper).

Be sure to review the grading rubric for this Assignment so you fully understand what is expected of you. To access the rubric, scroll down to the bottom of the Assignment page.

THE ASSIGNMENT: (2–3 PAGES)

Write a paper in which you do the following:

· Describe the organizational type and gap in practice or practice change you selected and explain the goals of the search you conducted.

· Describe your process of searching the evidence. Be specific and provide examples. Include the following:

· Which database(s) did you select? Why did you choose them?

· Which key words did you select? Why did you choose them?

· Describe your process of appraising the evidence you identified. Be specific and provide examples. Include the following:

· How many articles did you find?

· Based on what criteria did you decide on the  three recent (within the last five years), peer-reviewed articles that you selected?

· Include copies of your completed Appendix G, along with the Appendices E and/or F that you completed as appropriate for each of the articles you selected.

· Note: For this Assignment, you must complete Appendix G based on having completed either Appendix E or F for each of the three articles you selected, as appropriate. You will submit a total of   five documents (four completed Appendices along with your 2–3-page paper).

Note: Use this week’s Learning Resources to support your Assignment. Use proper APA format and style for all references and citations.  The College of Nursing requires that all papers include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. Use the  College of Nursing Writing TemplateLinks to an external site.  for your Assignment submission.

 

Literature Search and Appraisal

  1. What organizational type and gap in practice or practice change did you select and what were the goals of your search?,

  2. Which databases did you select for your search, and why?,

  3. Which key words did you use and why did you choose them?,

  4. How did you appraise the evidence you identified and how many articles did you find?,

  5. What criteria did you use to select the three most relevant recent peer-reviewed articles?

August 8, 2025
August 8, 2025

Supply Chain Resilience Insights

How have your perspectives changed as we complete this course? We have read about lessons learned in managing supply risk and we have content that considers the future direction in SCRM. What steps do you think companies should be taking to become more resilient while also being profitable and competitive in the marketplace?

  1. How have your perspectives changed during this course?,

  2. What lessons have been learned in managing supply risk?,

  3. What is the future direction of supply chain risk management (SCRM)?,

  4. What steps should companies take to become more resilient?,

  5. How can companies remain profitable and competitive while building resilience?

Supply Chain Resilience Insights

 Supply Chain Resilience Insights


Comprehensive Answer

1. Changing Perspectives
At the start of the course, I tended to think of supply chain management primarily as a process of optimizing cost, efficiency, and delivery times. Through our readings and case studies, I have come to see resilience and adaptability as equally important metrics for supply chain success. Risk management is no longer an optional or secondary consideration—it is a strategic priority that directly impacts long-term profitability, customer trust, and brand reputation.

2. Lessons Learned in Managing Supply Risk
The course highlighted several critical lessons:

  • Diversification matters: Overreliance on a single supplier or geographic region increases vulnerability.

  • Visibility is vital: Real-time data and transparency across the supply chain improve decision-making during disruptions.

  • Relationships reduce risk: Strong partnerships with suppliers and logistics providers enable quicker, more cooperative problem-solving.

  • Scenario planning is essential: Companies that regularly run “what-if” exercises adapt faster when disruptions occur.

3. Future Direction of SCRM
Supply chain risk management is moving toward proactive, technology-enabled systems. We will likely see:

  • AI and predictive analytics forecasting potential disruptions before they escalate.

  • Blockchain improving traceability and trust across global suppliers.

  • Greater integration of ESG (environmental, social, and governance) considerations into supply chain decisions.

  • Resilience becoming a key performance indicator alongside cost and service.

4. Steps Companies Should Take to Become More Resilient

  • Supplier diversification: Establish multiple qualified sources for critical materials.

  • Inventory strategy: Balance just-in-time practices with strategic safety stocks for high-risk components.

  • Digital transformation: Invest in supply chain visibility tools, predictive analytics, and automation.

  • Agility in operations: Design manufacturing and logistics systems that can pivot quickly to alternate suppliers, products, or routes.

  • Risk culture: Train staff at all levels to recognize, report, and address potential risks.

5. Balancing Resilience with Profitability and Competitiveness
Companies can integrate resilience into competitive strategy rather than treating it as a cost center by:

  • Leveraging resilience as a brand differentiator—customers increasingly value reliability during disruptions.

  • Using advanced analytics to optimize resilience investments so they protect revenue without unnecessary overhead.

  • Partnering with suppliers to share risk mitigation costs and innovations.

  • Continuously improving efficiency in non-critical areas to offset resilience-related investments.

In summary: The modern supply chain must be designed for both speed and shock absorption. Companies that invest in resilience not only reduce risk but also position themselves as dependable, innovative leaders in a volatile global market. Supply Chain Resilience Insights

August 8, 2025
August 8, 2025

Conduct Problems

Conduct problems have an underlying commonality: The child or adolescent has little care or concern for others. The behaviors are characterized by a continual pattern of violating the rights of others or is viewed as atypical by society for their age group. When diagnosing conduct problems in childhood, the diagnosis given is “Oppositional Defiant Disorder” and it is characterized by a persistent pattern of anger, irritability, arguing, defiance, or vindictiveness toward parents and other authority figures.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

What’s the difference between a stubborn and highly emotional child and a child who has a behavioral disorder? As discussed, it is not unusual for children to be stubborn, not listen, to talk back, or ‘push-back’ with authority figures such as parents, teachers, or other adults. However, if these behaviors persist and occur across environments (family, peers, school, and community) and interfere with that child’s functioning, this may be a sign of ODD. The key is that for this type of diagnoses, it is repeated behavior in which the child defies authority figures across environments.

Conduct Problems

There is no clear origin for this type of behavioral disorder, but certain vulnerabilities in a child’s environment, or their temperament, can result in behavior associated with ODD to become pronounced. Theoretical frameworks such as behavioral theory would suggest that a child or an adolescent’s environment is supporting or reinforcing the behavior. An example of this would be an adolescent who is consistently rude or inappropriate with a teacher, and consequently receives attention in the form of being called-out in the class by the teacher regarding the behavior. This type of negative attention may reinforce the teen’s behavior because behaviorists believe that any type of response to a behavior will maintain that behavior (whether the behavior is good behavior or bad behavior).

Risk Factors and Functional Consequences

No single factor alone causes ODD. According to the DSM-5, temperament is a risk factor because if children or adolescents have poor impulse control, respond poorly to frustration, or are emotionally reactive, they may see the world as a more hostile place where they always need to keep their guard up. Seeing the world from this perspective can have negative functional consequences as well. The DSM-5-TR includes such consequences as frequent conflicts with those who are closest and most influential to the child such as parents, peers, and teachers. When these behaviors become chronic, they can have a very negative impact on a child or an adolescent’s adjustment in key developmental domains such as social, academic, and for adolescents, employment.

Conduct Disorder

Conduct Disorder is a serious behavioral disorder that often has its roots in Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Most diagnosed with this disorder are older children or adolescents and have often presented at an earlier age with ODD. When an older child/adolescent is diagnosed with this disorder the domains in his/her life have been negatively and repeatedly impacted by the behaviors consistent with Conduct Disorder. These behaviors are pronounced and involve major violations of expected norms and behaviors for the individual’s developmental period. The behaviors of ODD are typically less severe than those of conduct disorder and do not include aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property, or a pattern of theft or deceit.

Risk Factors and Functional Consequences

According to the DSM-5-TR this is a disorder that has temperamental roots involving being under-controlled as an infant and lower than average IQ. The functional consequences are severe as behaviors associated with Conduct Disorder are often behaviors that result in contact with police and the juvenile justice system. These behaviors, and the resultant consequences place older children and adolescents on a developmental trajectory that becomes non-normative and can lead to life-long consequences. For example, a 14-year-old involved in the juvenile justice system may find himself in out-of-home placement, away from his family, community and school and instead in a specialized school or treatment facility.

 

Be sure to review this lesson’s resources carefully. You are expected to apply the information from these resources when you prepare your assignments.

 

Reference

 

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., Text Revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

 

Instructions

Write an “ignorance paper” about either Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder. To do this, you will want to compare peer-reviewed scholarly research.

· Evaluate the current theories for the disorder that you have selected.

· Evaluate the current classification and progression of this behavior and make note of gaps in the information provided.

· What information is lacking in the research?

· What do the articles say about future research to evaluate?

Your goal is to evaluate the current literature concerning your disorder, and then determine what is not known about the disorder you choose.

Prove your points through your research and findings.

 

Length: 5-7 pages, not including title and reference pages

 

References: Include a minimum of five scholarly resources.

 

Your “ignorance paper” should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course by providing new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards.

  • What are the current theories explaining the causes of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?,

  • How is ODD currently classified, and how does it progress?,

  • What gaps or limitations exist in the current research about ODD?,

  • What information is lacking regarding this disorder?,

  • What future research directions are suggested in the literature?

August 8, 2025
August 8, 2025
 Behavior Change Procedures
  • What are the four basic types of consequences in consequence-based interventions and what is the effect of each?,

  • What is an extinction procedure, and what effect does it produce?,

  • How can three of these procedures be used to reduce inappropriate peer talking during teacher instruction?,

  • Which behavioral process or principle is associated with each of the eight listed intervention procedures, and how do you know?,

  • What are the characteristics of effective consequences, how can they be identified, and how should reinforcement and punishment be prioritized or combined?

August 8, 2025
August 8, 2025

Intelligence Testing Study

Find and read a peer-reviewed research journal article using intelligence or achievement testing in research and share what you learned from this article with your classmates. Specifically (and in your own words):

1. Why was the study conducted?  What hypotheses were being tested?

2. What test(s) were used?

3. What findings were reported, and what conclusions were drawn

  1. Why was the study conducted?,

  2. What hypotheses were tested?,

  3. What test(s) were used?,

  4. What findings were reported?,

  5. What conclusions were drawn?

Intelligence Testing Study


Comprehensive Answer Intelligence Testing Study

1. Why was the study conducted?
The study was carried out to determine whether intelligence tests that focus on cognitive processes (reasoning, memory, problem-solving) or those that include content knowledge (vocabulary, factual information) are better predictors of academic performance. Researchers wanted to clarify which approach has stronger links to achievement, particularly in school and university contexts.

2. What hypotheses were tested?
Two main ideas were examined:

  • If process-based tests truly capture core intelligence, they should predict academic achievement as well as or better than content-based tests.

  • Alternatively, content-based or mixed tests might outperform process-only measures because academic outcomes often depend on learned knowledge.

3. What test(s) were used?
The reviewed research examined well-known intelligence tests such as:

  • Wechsler scales (e.g., WAIS, WISC) — a blend of process and content subtests.

  • Raven’s Progressive Matrices — primarily a process-based, nonverbal reasoning test.

  • Standardized academic achievement tests and grade point averages (GPA) — used as the outcomes to compare predictive strength.

4. What findings were reported?
Evidence showed no clear advantage for process-only tests in predicting academic performance. In many cases, mixed or content-heavy intelligence measures predicted grades and standardized achievement better than process-focused tests. Age made a difference — with older students, content-rich measures were particularly strong predictors, while for younger children, process measures sometimes played a larger role.

5. What conclusions were drawn?
Researchers concluded that removing content from intelligence testing is not justified if the goal is predicting academic success. Mixed or content-inclusive tests often work best for that purpose. However, process-only tests remain valuable for exploring thinking abilities apart from learned knowledge. Test choice should depend on the purpose — whether prediction of grades or understanding of pure reasoning processes.

Intelligence Testing Study

August 7, 2025
August 7, 2025

ross-Cultural Psychology Article Review

Locate a cross-cultural research article in psychology that you will use for your Week 2 assignment. Make sure your selected research article has cultural and systemic variables that have deficiencies. You should also verify that the research article states its research question, research methods, research participants, research procedures, and intervention processes.

You may find it useful to use the following tips when searching for a research article:

  • Use AND to combine keywords and phrases when searching the electronic databases for journal articles. To get the best results, use the word OR inside parentheses.
  • For some topics, subject searching works better than keyword searching, which is usually the default. Find out if the database you are using has a “subject search” option. For example, in Academic OneFile, look for the Subject Guide Search, instead of using the large search box. This may bring up fewer results, but you will be searching with more precision.
  • Use the results of a keyword search to discover subject headings (descriptors) used in the database. Usually, they will appear at the bottom of the article or somewhere in the citation. For example, by doing a keyword search for “girls and prostitution”, you will discover that Academic OneFile uses subject terms such as “Cultural Diversity” and “Cross-Cultural Psychology.”

ross-Cultural Psychology Article Review

ross-Cultural Psychology Article Review

Write a 175- to 350-word explanation of why you selected the article. Include the following:

  • The proper APA citation for your chosen article: Be sure to include all required retrieval information (author(s), date of publication, title, journal name, etc.) and a link to the article.
  • Why did you select this article?
  • What culture or cultures were discussed in the article?
  • What is being studied in the article?
  • What is or will be the effect of the article on cultural awareness and diversity?
  • What is the APA citation for the chosen article?,

  • Why did you select this article?,

  • What culture or cultures were discussed?,

  • What is being studied in the article?,

  • What effect does the article have on cultural awareness and diversity?

August 7, 2025
August 7, 2025

Intelligence Testing in Education

Find and read a peer-reviewed research journal article using intelligence or achievement testing in research and share what you learned from this article with your classmates. Specifically (and in your own words):

1. Why was the study conducted?  What hypotheses were being tested?

2. What test(s) were used?

3. What findings were reported, and what conclusions were drawn

Intelligence Testing in Education

Intelligence Testing in Education

  1. Why was the study conducted?,

  2. What hypotheses were tested?,

  3. What intelligence or achievement tests were used?,

  4. What findings were reported?,

  5. What conclusions were drawn?


Comprehensive General Response:

The study was conducted to investigate how early intelligence and school readiness impact future academic success. Researchers hypothesized that preschool measures — including intelligence scores, school readiness, and parental education — could predict academic achievement in middle school. The aim was to identify which early indicators most strongly correlate with later academic outcomes.

Two key tests were used in this longitudinal research: the DIFER (Diagnostic System for Assessing Development), which measures school readiness, and Raven’s Progressive Matrices, a widely used nonverbal intelligence test. Additionally, the study considered maternal education level as a socio-demographic factor.

The findings were clear and compelling. Reading achievement was best predicted by early school readiness scores, mathematics achievement by intelligence test results, and GPA by maternal education level. Each factor played a distinct role in predicting academic outcomes over time.

The study concluded that early cognitive development, intelligence, and family background are crucial predictors of long-term academic success. This highlights the importance of early childhood interventions and the value of intelligence and achievement testing in shaping educational strategies.

The findings were clear and compelling. Reading achievement was best predicted by early school readiness scores, mathematics achievement by intelligence test results, and GPA by maternal education level. Each factor played a distinct role in predicting academic outcomes over time.

The study concluded that early cognitive development, intelligence, and family background are crucial predictors of long-term academic success. This highlights the importance of early childhood interventions and the value of intelligence and achievement testing in shaping educational strate

Intelligence Testing in Education

August 7, 2025
August 7, 2025

Supreme Court Case Review

Go to Supreme Court Procedure and read through the article. Many argue that the process is too long; that it takes too much time for a case to be heard by the US Supreme Court. They believe the Supreme Court needs to be more responsive to the needs of the American public. Others believe that the length of time it takes to go through the process is appropriate; that the Court should not react too quickly to changes in society. They believe the Supreme Court provides continuity and stability, and changes that are announced by the Court come after long and careful deliberation.

Assignment
After you have reviewed the hypothetical Lyon v. Animal House Zoo case,

Identify all of the participants in the case and their respective roles.
In your opinion, is the process too long, or is a deliberative process appropriate? Provide a complete (balanced) explanation using examples from the hypothetical case. Your assignment should be around 200 words.

Supreme Court Case Review

  1. Who are the participants in the Lyon v. Animal House Zoo case?,

  2. What are the roles of each participant?,

  3. Is the Supreme Court process too long?,

  4. Why do some believe the process should be quicker?,

  5. Why do others support the current deliberative pace?

Supreme Court Case Review

 


📝 General Response:

In the hypothetical Lyon v. Animal House Zoo case, the participants include:

  • Petitioner (Lyon): The party appealing the lower court’s decision.

  • Respondent (Animal House Zoo): The party responding to the appeal.

  • Attorneys: Legal representatives presenting arguments for both sides.

  • Lower Court Judges: Initially ruled on the case before it was appealed.

  • U.S. Supreme Court Justices: Ultimately decide whether to hear the case and render a final judgment.

  • Clerks: Assist justices with legal research and review of case documents.

The U.S. Supreme Court’s process is deliberately long, and in many ways, this is appropriate. The high court plays a unique role in interpreting the Constitution and ensuring consistency in national law. Rushed decisions could result in unintended consequences or instability in legal precedent.

In the Lyon case, for example, both sides likely presented complex legal and constitutional arguments. A slow, deliberative process allows the justices to weigh evidence, analyze precedent, and consider societal impacts. While it’s true the public often desires swift resolutions, the Court’s value lies in its thoughtful, measured decisions that stand the test of time.