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May 1, 2025
May 1, 2025

Roles of the Mass Media in Democracy

The central idea of democracy is that ordinary citizens should control what their government does.

The media can help citizens help themselves

Popular Sovereignty requires an knowledgeable and informed citizenry

Roles of the Media #1

Watchdog over government

Protected by the First Amendment

Roles of the Mass Media in Democracy

No prior restraint

High standards for proving libel/slander

Examples?

Roles of the Media #2,

Clarify what electoral choices the public has,

What political parties stand for,

The qualities/positions of candidates,

Problem deciding what is important versus what is interesting

Examples?

Roles of the Media #3

Present a full and enlightening set of ideas about public policy to the public

Pros and cons about policies that have already been in place

Alternative policy ideas

Examples?

Is the News Biased?

Professional bias

Journalists tend to be liberal but media tycoons (owners of the mass media) are conservative=> balance

“Biases” in Political News

Nationalism: Pro-America

Ethnocentric point of view in most news reports about foreign affairs

Dependence on U.S. government news sources

 most foreign news coverage supports U.S. foreign policy.

“Biases” in Political News p.2

Pro-Capitalism

Free market

Free trade

Anti-welfare type programs

Ex. Socialized medicine

Episodic, Fragmented, Incoherent coverage of political information

Roles of the Mass Media in Democracy

“Biases” in Political News p.3

Negativity and Scandal

Infotainment

The massive invasion of entertainment values in political reporting

Sensation and scandal replace stories about domestic policies, foreign policies, international issues, etc.

 

Affect of the Media on Public Opinions and Policy

Agenda-setting effects — the topics that get the most coverage in the media are the same ones that most people say are the most important problems

The media’s framing or interpretation of stories affects how people think about political problems.

In other words, not changing opinions as much as telling people what to think about and how to think about it

Affects of the Media

Fueling Cynicism

Attack journalism: serious consideration of the issues or of the behavior of institutions has lost out to regular coverage of personal misbehavior.

Negativity bias=Cynicism

Crash Course_Freedom of the Press

Roles of the Mass Media in Democracy

audio1.wav

May 1, 2025

Handling the lack of Mental health support for university leaners

Many college students are suffering from mental health issues nowadays. Some are suffering from anxiety, stress, depression and burned out, but the schools do not give them enough help. This is a growing problem and it impacts students’ well-being, academic success, and whether the students will stay in school. This paper looks at the lack of mental health support for college students, outlines the issue, explains why it is important, and stresses the need for action.

Mental health support for university leaners

Description of the Problem

Mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and burnout among the college students in U.S. are climbing. There are many campuses struggling to provide and students wait days for times to see someone to talk to (Oswalt et al., 2020). This is a problem that pervades all students but hits first-years, students of color and all families in financial distress the hardest because they are more likely to be susceptible and less likely to get help due to stigma or ignorance.

The COVID 19 pandemic worsened things making it more isolative and uncertain as institutions had no support systems that are required with this crisis (Oswalt et al., 2020). The effects consist of increased absences, lower grades, and thoughts of suicide.

For universities with large student numbers and low budgets, there is a greater liability; large student bodies and low budgets mean a wide-ranging population that is not being served by universities with a paucity of funds to provide adequate support. We could have surveyed students about their mental health needs, as well as both observed which support strategies have worked for other schools.

Problem Statement

Mental health challenges among college students are increasing, while too many institutions have the necessary timely, accessible, and comprehensive support they need to respond to students’ wellbeing and academic futures are at serious risk.

Why This Problem Was Selected

This is a problem that I have seen firsthand have an adverse effect on my peers and it is one that I chose. I know several students who have struggled emotionally in college, and both getting help and getting help when you need it has been delayed or impossible (Priestley et al., 2022). There is reason to believe that mental health support can be better served by students and in the health of college communities.

 

In your paper,

· Restate the problem you are investigating.,

· Explain how any elements of your personal worldview could influence your perception of the problem in positive ways.,

· Examine your worldview for existing or potential biases explain how they may negatively impact your perspective of the problem.,

· If you believe no biases exist explain why.,

· Discuss at least two ways in which you can prevent biases from distorting your approach to the problem or efforts to find solutions.

· Must be 2 to 3 double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages).

· Must use at least two credible sources in addition to the course text.

must include an introduction and conclusion paragraph.

· Your introduction paragraph needs to end with a clear thesis statement that indicates the purpose of your paper.

· must use at least two credible sources in addition to the course text

May 1, 2025
May 1, 2025

Option 1: Choose any of the Supreme Court cases that we have discussed this semester in lecture or that appear in the SCOTUS excerpts on Canvas. Find two (or more!) scholarly articles in historical journals or law reviews that discuss the case. ,Explain what you learned from the articles and how they help you better understand the court case., Also explain how the authors’ arguments compare to each other. ,Where are their interpretations similar?, Where are they different?, What do you think accounts for the differences in the arguments or perspectives of your authors? (Here you are approaching historiography, or the study of the writing of history.) Do you find one of the articles more persuasive than the other? Explain why or why not.

Option 2: Pick any aspect of the case Dred Scott v. Sanford that you would like to know more about, pose a question you would like the answer to, and then try to find the answer using research in scholarly, secondary sources. Choose something fairly specific, such as the plea in abatement (Was asking for a plea in abatement common?), Justice Curtis’s dissent (Why did Curtis approach the issue so differently from Taney?), or the Missouri Supreme Court decision from 1852 (Did the Missouri Supreme Court decision acknowledge how it was departing from precedent?). Feel free to reach out about what you are curious about and how you could fashion your curiosity into a researchable question.

General Requirements:

· Approx. 1200 words, or about 4 pages double-spaced with one-inch margins. Include a word count. I will accept papers that are 15% over or under the word count.

· Research drawn from at least TWO secondary, scholarly sources:

· articles published in professional journals, available through the library’s databases

· scholarly books that include footnotes, are ordinarily published by a university press, and are written by a professional historian, sociologist, cultural critic, etc.

· Use at least two sources not including class materials provided to you. These two sources can be any combination of scholarly books and articles. Note that you will not read all of the book(s) you use, just the relevant parts. You should read all of the articles.

· Footnotes and bibliography in Chicago style. See additional information below under “Style Guidance.”

Style guidance:

For footnotes:

· In MS Word, go to “References” then “Insert Footnote” to create and number the footnotes automatically. Google Docs and Pages have similar functionality.

· Include a bibliography at the end of the paper. Divide it into primary sources and secondary sources. Follow the formatting modeled for you in any Chicago-style guide.

· See https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/turabian/turabian-notes-and-bibliography-citation-quick-guide.html for a quick guide to Chicago Notes-and-Bibliography style. I am asking for Notes and Bibliography style.

· Your footnotes should include the precise page or pages from which your information or quotation comes.

· Your bibliography should include all the pages on which a journal article appears. See the link above.

· The first citation of a particular source should include all citation information. Subsequent citations should include only the author’s last name, short title, and page number. See the link above.

To help you write correct, formal, written English, remember to do the following.

· Use only complete sentences with a subject and predicate. Avoid sentence fragments and run-on sentences, both of which make it difficult to decode your meaning.

· Do not use contractions such as weren’t or couldn’t. Contractions are a verbal form. Use the written form: were notcould not, etc.

· Check word usage for unfamiliar words.

· Indent new paragraphs.

Supreme Court cases

Outside Resources and AI Tools: This assignment is designed to be self-contained. You should have everything you need to complete the assignment by using course materials and the scholarly articles that you found through the library. If you need help understanding the material, you should come to me or go to TASC.

If you use any additional sources, you must include them in your bibliography.

You are supposed to do the work on your own, but If you use any AI tools, you must cite them in your bibliography, disclose what you used, include the precise wording of the prompt(s) you entered, and include a 2-3-sentence reflection on how the AI tool helped you with the assignment or helped you learn.

If you use Grammarly or another editing AI tool to show you how to improve your writing, you must include that in your bibliography, as well. Do not let an editing tool rewrite your sentences for you; do the rewriting yourself. I do want to see you write in complete sentences, but I want to hear your authentic voice, not the robot voice.

Violations of these standards—using any outside tools, that is anything except course materials and your two or three articles, without disclosing them—constitutes academic dishonesty and will be penalized. Your grade on the assignment will be lowered, possibly to an F.

You cannot withdraw from a class in which you have committed academic dishonesty.

May 1, 2025
May 1, 2025

Sports Data Analysis

Students will develop an individual work that conducts a correlation analysis of the data that they will collect in the field of sports. Students are also required to present and interpret the correlation analysis findings. They will also discuss how these findings provide a significant contribution to the study field. The individual project should address at least the following points:

1. Two variables must be chosen.

2. For each variable, students should gather data.

3. Reliability and validity issues should be provided.

4. Descriptive statistics (e.g., mean, median, mode, skewness, kurtosis) should be performed.

5. Which type of correlation analysis is performed? (Pearson, spearman, etc.) why?

6. A correlation matrix should be provided.

7. Correlation results should be interpreted.

8. Discussion is required to justify how these findings provide a significant contribution FORMAT Your submission must meet the following formattingSports Data Analysis

Requirements:

– Number of files for submission: One – Required file format for main submission: PDF – Additional file format for additional deliverables: Word document

(.docx) – Additional file requirements: ADD ADDITIONAL FILE REQUIREMENTS

(OPTIONAL)

Other details: – Font: Arial – Font size: 12 – Spacing: Double – Number of words: No more than 500 – All referencing and citations require Harvard referencing style.

Task 1.3.

Students will develop an individual work that conducts a correlation analysis of the data that they will collect in the field of sports. Students are also required to present and interpret the correlation analysis findings. They will also discuss how these findings provide a significant contribution to the study field. The individual project should address at least the following points:

1. Two variables must be chosen.,

2. For each variable students should gather data.,

3. Reliability and validity issues should be provided.,

4. Descriptive statistics (e.g. mean median mode skewness kurtosis) should be performed.,

5. Which type of correlation analysis is performed? (Pearson spearman etc.) why?,

6. A correlation matrix should be provided.

7. Correlation results should be interpreted.

8. Discussion is required to

May 1, 2025
May 1, 2025

Instructions & Ethical System Assignments:   DB #4_Spring 2025.docx  Download DB #4_Spring 2025.docx  

“Initial Post” Instructions: Read the following scenario and use the 5 steps to analyze ethical dilemmas (discussed in Chapter 2 and listed below) to solve the dilemma. You will be assigned one of two ethical systems to pick from to solve the dilemma (listed below).

Failure to use the system assigned to you will result in a grade of “0” for this assignment. Below you will find a list of the ethical system you have been assigned for this exercise. Please make sure you number your answers in accordance with the 5 steps and identify which ethical system you use in response to step #5. ,Please note that you must post your “initial response” by 4/25 (Friday) by 11:55pm. ,Please note that you must post your “response post” by 4/27 (Sunday) by 11:55pm. “,Response Post” Instructions: Your “initial response” is your answer, in your own words to the assignment. ,Your “response post” requires that you read your classmates’ posts and respond to a classmate that used a different ethical system than you to solve the dilemma presented here. In your response to your classmate, address the following questions. Your response to these questions should be in paragraph form (5-6 sentences minimum). This means do not copy/paste these questions in your response post and then answer them individually. a) Was the conclusion you reached the same as that of your classmate who used a different ethical system than you? b) Do you agree with the conclusion reached by your classmate? Why or why not? Be specific. c) Which system do you think came up with the best response (the system you used or the system your classmate used)? Explain. d) Which system would you have preferred to use to solve this dilemma if allowed to chose anyof the six ethical systems?

Instructions & Ethical System

Scenario: Parole Officer

You are a parole officer whose caseload includes a single mother with three hyperactive, attention-deficit-disorder young children. She receives no support from her ex-husband. Her own mother wants nothing to do with her or the children, believing that “God is punishing her”. The parolee works as a topless dancer but hates it. She continues dancing because it pays the bills so well. You know that she smokes marijuana on a fairly regular basis in an effort to deal with the stress. Obviously, this is a violation of probation. However, if you file a violation report, she will go back to prison and her children will be placed in foster care. You know she is doing the best she can with her kids, she is heavily involved with their school, and they are strongly bonded to her. What do you do?

May 1, 2025
May 1, 2025

Infections on Respiratory System

CASE PRESENTATION

The patient is a college student, complaining with sore throat, feeling not really ill, and planning NOT to go to campus clinic. After arguing with her roommate (majoring in microbiology) she agree to visit the clinic.

At the clinic, the nurse run a rapid strep test (RST). She swabbed the back of the throat and use in office kit to immediately determine whether Streptococcus pyogenes was present in the sample. Test was (-, negative). Doctor sent the sample down to the clinical lab and sent student back home with prescription of antibiotic (WHICH ONE DO YOU THINK HE PRESCRIBED IT?). 24 HOURS LATER student receive a message from the nurse to start taking the antibiotic immediately.

Infections on Respiratory System

QUESTIONS:

1. Consider that student had had a strep throat two years ago why would she develop it again?,

2. Why would the RST be negative when student in fact have strep throat?,

3. Why was the student given antibiotic (which one?) to treat her infection?,

4. Why is important to treat strep throat promptly?,

5. Why are there NO vaccines against S. pyogenes?

Describe briefly:

What is the type/name of this infection?

Signs and Symptoms –

Causative agent –

Pathogenesis –

Epidemiology –

Treatment –

Prevention –

Assignment to Chapter 12

Infections on Respiratory System

BIOL 200 (Microbiology) lecture

CASE PRESENTATION

The patient is a college student, complaining with sore throat, feeling not really ill, and planning NOT to go to campus clinic. After arguing with her roommate (majoring in microbiology) she agree to visit the clinic.

At the clinic, the nurse run a rapid strep test (RST). She swabbed the back of the throat and use in office kit to immediately determine whether Streptococcus pyogenes was present in the sample. Test was (-, negative). Doctor sent the sample down to the clinical lab and sent student back home with prescription of antibiotic (WHICH ONE

May 1, 2025
May 1, 2025

Selected Algorithms in Linear Algebra Home Exam

General Instructions 1. Submission of a solution to this exam constitutes a statement that you followed these instructions.

If you failed to follow some of the instructions for whatever reason, explain at the top of the exams which instructions you failed to follow, how you solved the relevant parts of the exam, and why.

2. The exam is individual. You may not discuss the exam, your solutions or other solutions, or anything having to do with the algorithms and computations that the exam focuses on with any person except Sivan Toledo. You must follow this rule before, during, and after you solve the exam (including in the periods before you start the exam and after you submit your solution, since different students may solve it at different times).

3. You may only discuss this exam with persons other than Sivan Toledo after the grades are published.

4. You may use any publicly-accessible non-human resource to solve the exam but you must cite every resource that you use. ,For books, articles, web sites, and so on, cite the title, author, and URL, and explain how you used the resource. For AI tools and other responsive resources, give the name of the tool (and URL if not well known) and the prompts. If the interaction was complex, just summarize the interaction. In both cases, explain how you used the results.

5. Include all the code that you used and mark clearly code that you wrote code from other sources (static or responsive/AI)., If you fixed or corrected existing or generated code indicate your changes or fixes clearly.

6. All code must be clearly documented using comments.,

7. Use diagrams and graphs where appropriate to clarify and/or enhance your answers.,

1 Efficient and Stable Factorization of Anti-Symmetric Matrices (40 points)

Algorithms in Linear Algebra 

We can solve a linear system of equation with an <-by-< symmetric positive-definite matrix � using the Cholesky factorization using 1

3< 3 + =(<3) arithmetic operations. The algorithm is backward stable and it is

about twice as efficient as an !* factorization with partial pivoting, which is also usually backward stable, but does not exploit symmetry. In some vague way it makes sense that Cholesky would be twice as efficient

because due to the symmetry of the matrix, we can represent it using its upper and lower half, so we do not need to update the entire trailing submatrix after every elimination step.

In this problem we want to factor in a backward-stable a real matrix that is not symmetric, but satis- fies the constraint �) = −�. In other words, its elements satisfy �7 8 = −�87. We will call such matrices anti symmetric. Such matrices are fully defined by about <2/2 real values, not <2, so we hope to achieve computational savings similar to the savings in Cholesky.

The main building block in our new algorithm will be to zero most of the first column by subtracting a multiple of the second row of � from rows 3 : <. We will then zero most of the first row by subtracting the same multiples of the second column from columns 3 : <. We continue with the trailing submatrix in the same way, until we reduce � to a tridiagonal matrix) , in only sub- and super-diagonal elements)7+7,7,)7,7+1 are nonzero, and which is also anti symmetric.

1. Implement this algorithm and test it on random matrices with Gaussian elements. The algorithm should return twomatrices, a lower triangularmatrix !with 1s on the diagonal and an anti symmetric matrix ) , such that � satisfies � = !)!) (but a weaker condition in floating point). For simplicity, operate on all the elements of � and the trailing submatrices, not only on one triangle. Try to make the code as efficient as possible (while operating on both triangles). Test that it works correctly and explain how you performed the tests. Hint: As in !* with Gaussian elimination, if you eliminate column 8 with using a matrix !8 with ones on the diagonal and the negation of the multipliers below the diagonal in one column (which one?), thematrix ! should have themultipliers in the same position, but not negated.

2. Roughly how many arithmetic operation does your code perform? The answer should be given as an explicit multiple of <3; you can ignore low order terms. Please relate your answer to the number of operations that the !* factorization performs. Explain the result.

3. If you were to modify the algorithm and the code from Part 1 so that it would only operate on one triangle, say the lower one, howmany operations would the improved algorithm perform? How does this relate to the number of operations performed by the !* factorization?

4. The main motivation for this algorithm is that we can incorporate into it partial pivoting. Show that the algorithm, as presented up to now, can fail, and explain why it might be unstable even in cases where it does not fail.

5. We can avoid these problems by exchanging before we eliminate column 8 and row 8 two rows and the same two columns so that the element in position 8+1, 8 in the trailing submatrix has the largest mag- nitude among elements 8 + 1 : <, 8. We can express the overall factorization as %�%) = !)!) ,where % is a permutation matrix. Explain how these exchanges affect the matrix !. How do you think we can characterize the trailing submatrices and) if we perform these exchanges, both in the worst case and in practice? You only need to provide a reasonable characterization and to justify it from what we know about !* with partial pivoting; you do not need to provide a formal analysis.

6. We can make this algorithm even more efficient by noticing that the matrix � = )!) is upper Hes- senberg (elements �7 8 with 7 > 8 + 1 are zeros). Prove that this is indeed the case and explain how elements of ) relate to elements of � (so that we can construct ) from �).

7. Modify your code from Part 1 so that it computes ! and � . You can again update the entire trailing submatrix.

8. Explain how this modification reduces the number of arithmetic operations and give an estimate for the number of operations that the algorithm performs if it exploits the anti-symmetry (the leading term only).

9. To solve a system �F = %)!)!)%F = 1, we need to solve linear systems with a anti-symmetric tridi- agonal matrix) . Explain howwe can do that in a backward-stable way in$(<) arithmetic operations and storage.

2 Benchmarking Linear Solvers (30 Points) The aim of this problem is to benchmark a number of exiting solvers of linear equations. The focus is on producing valid and robust results and on presenting them well. For this problem, it is important that the solvers be efficient. Matlab is considered the gold standard for this problem. All its solvers are good enough (if used correctly); you can use some other programming environment (e.g., Python), but if one or more of its solvers is inefficient, you may lose points.

1. Implement a function lap2d that creates the Laplacian of an <-by-< two dimensional grid. Theweight of all edges should be 1, and the row-sums of all rows other than the first should be 0. The sum of the elements in the first row should be 1. The row/column ordering of the matrix should be a row- by-row ordering of the grid vertices (the so-called natural order). Thematrixmust be represented efficiently as a sparsematrix (inmatlab, the form S=sparse(i,j,a) is a goodway to construct the matrix from a set of nonzero values 07 8) Plot the nonzero structure of the matrix (spy) for a 10-by-10 grid.

2. Implement a similar function lap3d for 3-dimensional grids. Plot it for some convenient size for which the structure of the matrix is clear from the plot.

3. Write a code that measures the performance of several linear solvers for �F = 1, where � is a Lapla- cian from Part 1 and 1 is a random vector. You The solvers that you need to implement are:

(a) A dense Cholesky factorization. In Matlab, A=full(S) creates a dense representation of a sparse matrix.

(b) A sparse Cholesky factorization, with a row/column permutation to enhance sparsity in the factor. In Matlab, help chol (or the more detailed doc chol) will tell you how to invoke the Cholesky factorization so that it can permute the rows and columns of a sparse matrix.

(c) Conjugate gradients without a preconditioner (pcg in Matlab).

(d) Conjugate gradients with an incomplete-Cholesky factorization with no fill (ichol in Matlab).

4. Demonstrate that each of the solvers is correct. For the iterative solvers, explain their accuracy of the solution that they return and compare to the solution of the direct (Cholesky factorization) solvers. For the sparse solver, show the nonzero structure of the factor, to demonstrate that it is indeed sparse.

5. Compare the performance of the 4 solvers by finding out the size of the largest grid they can handle (in both 2D and 3D) in 10s (only the linear solver should take 10s; exclude the time to construct the test problem). You will need to write code that finds these problem sizes. You are free to also present the performance of the 4 solvers in other ways. Make sure your results are statistically robust; the

3

 

 

actual running times are not deterministic even if the algorithm is. You need not perform a statistical analysis, but you need to account for the running-times variability and to explain how do you did it. In this part of the problem, do your best to ensure that the solver is using only 1 CPU core (in Matlab, maxNumCompThreads(1) should work); explain how you restricted the solvers to 1 core and how you checked that they are indeed using only one.

6. Repeat Part 5, but with at as many cores as you can. Try to the speedups.

3 Efficient Multiplication of Sparse Matrices (20 Points) This problem investigates the efficient multiplication of sparse matrices represented using a compressed sparse column (CSC) representations. In this representation, the nonzero values of elements each column are stored consecutively in an array, and the row indices of these elements are stored in the same order in an integer array. These arrays need not be sorted in increasing row order. A third array points to the two arrays representing each column; this array represents the columns in increasing index order.

1. Given the CSC representation of two sparse matrices � ∈ R;×< and � ∈ R<×9, show how to create the CSC representation of the product �� in $(; + 9 + >) operations, where > is the number of arithmetic operations on nonzeros required to multiply the two matrices. Make sure you explain how to determine the size of each column in the product (that is, the size of the arrays that represent that column).

2. Given the CSC representation a sparse matrix � ∈ R;×<, show how to create the CSC representation of the product �) �. Try tomake this as efficient as possible and analyze the total number of operations that the multiplication requires in terms of ;, <, and >.

3. Suggest a mechanism to improve the efficiency of the solution of Part 1 in cases in which ; � >. That is, try to find a way to remove the dependence on ; from the running time.

4 A Tradeoff in the LLL Basis Reduction Algorithm (10 points) The !!! algorithm ensures that in the output matrix ‘ satisfies��’7,8�� ≤ 1

2 ��’7,7��

‘27,7 ≥ H’27−1,7−1 − ’27−1,7 .

for some 1/4 < H < 1. That is, the client code that calls LLL sets H to some value in this range. Explain the tradeoff: what happens when we set H just above 1/4? What happens when we set H just below 1?

4

May 1, 2025
May 1, 2025

Subject Matter

Dangers of Disasters 

In the first discussion I asked you about the place you most wish to live. Over this semester we have learned about the many disasters that occur on our planet. In this paper you are to research what disasters could occur in the place you want to live. Usually, every location has one big disaster that will be the focus of your paper, but you should also include any other possible disasters. Determine what are the immediate dangers and the long-term dangers you will need to be prepared for. Once you know what the dangers are you can then prepare for them, so list your preparations to live happily in your most desired location.,

· Brief description of the location you mentioned in your first discussion,

· Biggest disaster and dangers,

· All other possible disasters and dangers,

· How to best prepare for the disaster,

Grading

80% of your grade is on the content of your paper.

What you include, what you researched, what you say. All of this must be evident in your writing.

Dangers of Disasters 

Be organized in your thoughts. The paper may not be long enough to follow the standard format of intro, body, and conclusion, but it still should not be all over the place.

This is a college level class and I expect your paper to be at the same level.

20% of your grade is based on spelling and grammar.

I expect you to write a college level paper and that includes more than content.

The greatest paper in the world is useless if no one can make sense of it.

I expect you to follow the rules of the English language.

Avoid using “I” unless necessary.

Write in complete sentences. Avoid run-on sentences.

Use proper spelling, no shorthand or texting patterns.

Write in complete sentences. Avoid run-on sentences.

Use proper spelling, no shorthand or texting patterns.

April 30, 2025
April 30, 2025

Research Question:

Are new york government administrative efforts in aiding the homeless more or less effective than those of nonprofit organizations?

Answer the following:,

1) How does this topic of “housing the homeless” fit into Public Administration?,

2) Based on the research question, what would be the dependent variable (DV) in this research process?,

3) Explain and justify how you conceptualized the DV. ,

4) Explain and justify how you will operationalize your DV. ,

5) Explain and justify how you propose to measure your DV

Research Question:

Definitions:

– Conceptualizing a variable requires the researcher to explain and justify their way of defining or understanding that variable. This may require the researcher to refer to how other researchers have conceptualized that variable and/or to anticipate and answer potential questions about other possible ways of conceptualizing that variable.

– Operationalizing a variable requires the researcher to specify the means by which that variable will be measured. What indicator, scale, or other measurement system will be used? This may require the researcher to refer to how other researchers have operationalized that variable and/or to anticipate and answer potential questions about other possible ways of operationalizing that variable.

– Measuring a variable requires the researcher to specify the process by which data will be gathered and analyzed. This may require the researcher to refer to how other researchers have measured that variable and/or to anticipate and answer potential questions about other possible ways of measuring that variable.

– Measuring a variable requires the researcher to specify the process by which data will be gathered and analyzed. This may require the researcher to refer to how other researchers have measured that variable and/or to anticipate and answer potential questions about other possible ways of measuring that variable.

– Measuring a variable requires the researcher to specify the process by which data will be gathered and analyzed. This may require the researcher to refer to .