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Author Archives: Academic Wizard

January 14, 2025
January 14, 2025

SOAP & Primary Diagnosis

Please follow APA format, add citations and references. Document will be verified for plagiarism and AI use. Thank you! 

Directions: Read over the SOAP note and formulate a primary diagnosis.  Based on the diagnosis complete the SOAP note with the details that would be expected for the diagnosis. Use UptoDate and/or Dyna MedPlus to find out what is expected from the history and physical, diagnostic workup and management for the diagnosis. Include other peer review resources and and journal articles to support the development of your SOAP note. Complete and attach the evaluation & management score sheet to show how you coded the note for billing in each section.

 

SOAP & Primary Diagnosis

  • Upload a copy of your completed SOAP note.
  • Upload a copy of the evaluation & management score sheet.

Case Study: A 3-year-old girl is brought to your office by her mother because she has a fever and complains that her right ear hurts. She has no significant medical history. The child is not pleased to be in the PCP’s office and has been crying. Her mother explains that she developed a “cold” about 3 days ago with sniffles. Her temperature is 37.8°C (100°F).  Physical exam was completed with some difficulty because of the child’s irritability.    The only abnormalities are slight redness of the throat, a nose full of thick green mucus, and injected tympanic membranes. She denies nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, or change in urine output.

Please follow APA format, add citations and references. Document will be verified for plagiarism and AI use. Thank you!  

Directions: Read over the SOAP note and formulate a primary diagnosis.  Based on the diagnosis complete the SOAP note with the details that would be expected for the diagnosis., Use UptoDate and/or Dyna MedPlus to find out what is expected from the history and physical diagnostic workup and management for the diagnosis. ,Include other peer review resources and and journal articles to support the development of your SOAP note. ,Complete and attach the evaluation & management score sheet to show how you coded the note for billing in each section.,

  • Upload a copy of your completed SOAP note.
  • Upload a copy of the evaluation & management score sheet.,

Case Study: A 3-year-old girl is brought to your office by her mother because she has a fever and complains that her right ear hurts. She has no significant medical history. The child is not pleased to be in the PCP’s office and has been crying. Her mother explains that she developed a “cold” about 3 days ago with sniffles. Her temperature is 37.8°C (100°F).  Physical exam was completed with some difficulty because of the child’s irritability.    The only abnormalities are slight redness of the throat, a nose full of thick green mucus, and injected tympanic membranes. She denies nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, or change in urine output.

 

January 14, 2025
January 14, 2025

Traditional and Agile Settings

Discussion Assignment Instructions

The student will post one thread of at least 400-500 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. The student must then post 2 replies of at least 200-250 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the assigned Module: Week. For each thread, students must support their assertions with at least 3 peer-reviewed journal sources and include at least 1 biblical integration. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 peer-reviewed journal source and include at least 1 biblical integration. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years. Acceptable sources include peer-reviewed sources, not counting (the textbook, the Bible, etc.).

 

Traditional and Agile Settings

Discussion Thread: Project Selection for Traditional and Agile Settings

Organizations have different strategies for determining which project to bring value and return on investment. Some organize the projects around problems and issues the various departments are experiencing. Others base the order on which projects bring the most value to the organization or make the most money.

Project selection historically aligns with the strategic plan which has goals and objectives for the organization and projects support that plan to drive its initiatives. ,Organizations must create a process priority for the project when facilitating the project order., Unless everyone understands the project’s priority it is easy for the project team to work on lesser-priority projects that have less of an impact on the organization’s return on investment and strategic position.

Explain how project selection might differ if one runs traditional projects compared to agile ones. Traditional and Agile Settings,

What type of projects would work better in agile settings than traditional ones?,

How do leadership functions differ when running traditional projects compared to agile?

Discussion Assignment Instructions

The student will post one thread of at least 400-500 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. The student must then post 2 replies of at least 200-250 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the assigned Module: Week. For each thread, students must support their assertions with at least 3 peer-reviewed journal sources and include at least 1 biblical integration. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 peer-reviewed journal source and include at least 1 biblical integration. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years. Acceptable sources include peer-reviewed sources, not counting (the textbook, the Bible, etc.).

Discussion Thread: Project Selection for Traditional and Agile Settings

Organizations have different strategies for determining which project to bring value and return on investment. Some organize the projects around problems and issues the various departments are experiencing. Others base the order on which projects bring the most value to the organization or make the most money.

Project selection historically aligns with the strategic plan, which has goals and objectives for the organization, and projects support that plan to drive its initiatives. Organizations must create a process priority for the project when facilitating the project order. Unless everyone understands the project’s priority, it is easy for the project team to work on lesser-priority projects that have less of an impact on the organization’s return on investment and strategic position.

Explain how project selection might differ if one runs traditional projects compared to agile ones.

What type of projects would work better in agile settings than traditional ones?

How do leadership functions differ when running traditional projects compared to agile?

 

January 14, 2025
January 14, 2025

NGR5131 Culture and Advanced Nursing Practice

Please follow APA format, add citations and references. Document will be verified for plagiarism and AI use. Thank you! 

Please do from Ecuador culture

 

Culture and Advanced Nursing Practice

Instructions:

This is a formal paper that requires correct grammar, punctuation, and APA format. This paper will also be used to post for a Group Discussion to the Cultural Communication Discussion. You do not need to do a running head for this paper, nor do you need an abstract. Use the following headings as a template and answer all questions. This paper is worth 20 points (20%) of your course grade. Eighteen of the points (18%) are for thorough content in the paper. The other 2 points (2%) are allotted for the correct use of APA format for at least three references and three citations in the body of the paper. One citation must come from a refereed journal article, one from a textbook, and one from an Internet source. You do not have to submit your paper through Turnitin but you may if you wish. This paper has no page limit, but most students complete it in 5 to 7 pages excluding the reference list.

Discuss your own culture’s pattern of communication using Purnell’s Domains of Culture as a guide. When your personal communication practices differ from what is in the scholarly literature, posit why. See the variant cultural characteristics as a guide. Speak to each one of the following points:

  • Identify your cultural ancestry. If you have more than one cultural ancestry, chose the one with which you most closely associate.,
  • Explore the willingness of individuals in your culture to share thoughts feelings and ideas. Identify any area of discussion that would be considered taboo?,
  • Explore the practice and meaning of touch in your culture. Include information regarding touch between family members friends members of the opposite sex and health-care providers.,
  • Identify personal spatial and distancing strategies used when communicating with others in your culture. Discuss differences between friends and families versus strangers.,
  • Discuss your culture’s use of eye contact. Include information regarding practices between family members friends strangers and persons of different age groups.,
  • Explore the meaning of gestures and facial expressions in your culture. Do specific gestures or facial expressions have special meanings? How are emotions displayed?,
  • Are there acceptable ways of standing and greeting people in your culture?,
  • Discuss the prevailing temporal relation of your culture. Is the culture’s worldview past present or future-oriented? Temporality also includes punctuality. ,
  • Discuss the impact of your culture on your nursing and/or health care. Be specific, not something that is very general.

 

January 14, 2025
January 14, 2025

Critically Analyzing a Recent Healthcare Legislature: The No Surprises Act (2022)

The No Surprises Act, enacted in January 2022, aims to protect patients from unexpected medical bills, particularly for out-of-network services received during emergencies or at in-network facilities. It prevents surprise billing practices by capping the amounts patients can be charged for certain services and establishing a dispute resolution process between providers and insurers.

 

Recent Healthcare Legislature

Critical Analysis

The legislation is a significant step toward reducing the financial burden on patients and increasing transparency in healthcare billing. However, its implementation has faced challenges, including disagreements between providers and insurers over payment rates, administrative burden, and limited patient awareness. While it empowers patients financially, critics argue it may inadvertently strain healthcare providers, particularly smaller practices, by reducing reimbursements.

Relevant Literature

Recent Healthcare Legislature

A study by Cooper et al. (2022) highlights that surprise billing disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, making the Act a necessary reform. However, research by Adler et al. (2023) notes that the resolution process often favors larger insurers, potentially leaving smaller healthcare providers at a disadvantage. The literature emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring to ensure equitable outcomes across the healthcare system.


Nursing Role in the Legislature

Nurses play a vital role in legislative advocacy by acting as liaisons between policymakers and patients, using their firsthand experiences to influence healthcare reforms. For instance:,

  1. Advocacy: Nurses can collaborate with professional organizations like the American Nurses Association (ANA) to advocate for fair implementation of policies like the No Surprises Act.,
  2. Education: Educating patients about their rights under new legislation ensures they can navigate the healthcare system confidently.,
  3. Research and Policy Development: By participating in studies and committees, nurses contribute to evidence-based recommendations that refine legislation.,

In conclusion while the No Surprises Act addresses critical gaps in healthcare billing practices the nursing profession plays an essential role in ensuring its effective implementation through advocacy patient education and continuous engagement in policymaking processes.

January 14, 2025
January 14, 2025

For this final paper you must use the Worksheet for Strategic Plan template provided. Please download the Worksheet for Strategic Plan template and populate the goals, required tasks, individuals involved, resources needed, timeline, and measurements. This will allow you to prepare the worksheet for your strategic plan. The text entries on the first row represents an example. You may overwrite this example and populate the other rows.

 

Worksheet for Strategic Plan

In your paper,

  • Describe your chosen health care organization including the name location of the business its mission the nature of the business the services or products, and customers served.,
    • You may use a hypothetical name of the organization if your chosen organization does not allow you to disclose its information.,
  • Identify one key problem at the departmental or organizational level that has profound impacts on operational efficiency patient care or customer satisfaction.,
  • Propose a minimum of two solutions to the identified problem.,
  • Identify a minimum of three specific measurable attainable realistic and timely (SMART) project goals.
    • Each SMART goal must include all five elements: specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely. Examples of SMART goals are
      • To implement a fully automated claim process system by 12/31/2024.
      • To decrease the number of patients leaving without being seen by a provider from three patients per day to zero by 6/30/2024.
      • To ensure that 95% of physicians and nurses have completed sepsis care training to improve identification and treatment by 10/31/2024.
  • Appraise two anticipated obstacles and two possible opportunities in your proposed solutions.
  • Formulate a strategic (action) plan to accomplish goals and solutions.
    • Be sure to include stakeholders involved and other resources (e.g., time, financial, materials, etc.) required to accomplish your plan.

The Implementing Health Care Management Plan final paper,

January 14, 2025
January 14, 2025

Practice Change in Organizations

“A good intention, with a bad approach, often leads to a poor result.”

―Thomas Edison

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has identified five areas that impact one’s social determinants of health (SDOH), which include economic stability, education, social and community context, health and healthcare, and neighborhood and surrounding environment (ODPHP, 2020). And although the United States spends more money on healthcare than other highly industrialized countries, according to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2021), it has some of the poorest health outcomes of other developed countries.

 

Practice Change in Organizations

As nurses, we identify the inequities that affect our patients outside of medical care, such as lack of money to purchase needed medications, transportation, food insecurity, poor housing, and fear of safety in the neighborhood. Because of these factors, understanding the impact of the SDOH, in shaping one’s health, is critical to today’s nursing workforce.

As noted in the introductory quote from Thomas Edison, addressing SDOH and developing strategies with good intentions and a bad approach, to promote positive social change, may not help the patient, the community, nor the organization. Planning for change by using a translation model, instead, assists the organization and ensures that a variety of stakeholders have plan input, implementation time is decreased, and outcomes are clearly identified.

Resources

Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.  Practice Change in Organizations

WEEKLY RESOURCES

To Prepare

  • Review the Week 8 Learning Resources. Pay particular attention to Chapter 10 and Appendix A in the Dang, et al. text. Also, review the three exemplars provided in the White et al. text.
  • Select an organization with which you are familiar that went through a practice change to address a practice or organization issue. Note: You may reuse organizations and/or issues that you selected earlier in this course. Or you may select new ones.
  • Consider how SDOH and positive social change relate to the issue you selected.
  • Consider how the approaches used by the organization to address the practice or organization issue were decided upon and received, as well as if the outcome was satisfactory or not.

By Day 3 Of Week 8

Post the following:

  • Identify the organization you selected. Describe the practice or organization issue you selected.,
  • Explain how SDOH relates to the issue you selected. Be specific and provide examples.
    • Were SDOH addressed? If so, in what ways?,
    • Did positive social change occur? Why or why not?,
    • Using Appendix A from the Dang et al. text. Briefly describe the steps that were followed and/or missing in the organization’s approach to the practice or organization change. ,
    • Were the outcomes positive or negative?
      • If the outcome was less than satisfactory what could have been done differently to achieve a better outcome? Be specific and provide examples.,
      • If the outcome was satisfactory what key actions were taken that led to this positive outcome? Be specific and provide examples.,
    • How was the change measured, if at all? In what ways were the outcomes evaluated? Be specific and provide examples.,

Note: Your posts should be substantial (500 words minimum), supported with scholarly evidence from your research and/or the Learning Resources, and properly cited using APA Style. Personal anecdotes are acceptable as part of a meaningful post but cannot stand alone as the entire post.

Read a selection of your colleagues’ posts.

 

January 12, 2025
January 12, 2025

HIV In Florida State

My topic is HIV due to being a certified Tester for the state of Florida and it ties in with mental health

Select a condition covered in this course that interests you or is relevant to your nursing practice. Identify the condition you’ve selected.

  1. Briefly explain your rationale for selecting this particular condition. What influenced your selection?

 

HIV In Florida State

  1. Investigate the prevalence and incidence of the chosen condition in the United States (U.S.). What are the incidence, prevalence, and affected populations?
  2. Find and summarize a scholarly article that discusses your selected condition. What does the article say about your condition and its pathophysiology and manifestations? How is the article relevant to your understanding of the condition?

My topic is HIV due to being a certified Tester for the state of Florida and it ties in with mental health,

Select a condition covered in this course that interests you or is relevant to your nursing practice. Identify the condition you’ve selected.,

  1. Briefly explain your rationale for selecting this particular condition. What influenced your selection?,
  2. Investigate the prevalence and incidence of the chosen condition in the United States (U.S.). What are the incidence prevalence and affected populations?,
  3. Find and summarize a scholarly article that discusses your selected condition. What does the article say about your condition and its pathophysiology and manifestations?, How is the article relevant to your understanding of the condition?My topic is HIV due to being a certified Tester for the state of Florida and it ties in with mental health

    Select a condition covered in this course that interests you or is relevant to your nursing practice. Identify the condition you’ve selected.

    1. Briefly explain your rationale for selecting this particular condition. What influenced your selection?
    2. Investigate the prevalence and incidence of the chosen condition in the United States (U.S.). What are the incidence, prevalence, and affected populations?
    3. Find and summarize a scholarly article that discusses your selected condition. What does the article say about your condition and its pathophysiology and manifestations? How is the article relevant to your understanding of the condition?
January 12, 2025
January 12, 2025
  • Information Systems for Business and Beyond Questions:

Operational Excellence

Week 2 Assignment

  • Chapter 2 – study questions 1-10, Exercise 2   – 2 Pages  – (only one or 2 line answers)
  1. Write your own description of what the term information systems hardware means.,
  2. What has lead to the shift toward mobility in computing?,
  3. What is the impact of Moore’s Law on the various hardware components described in this chapter?,
  4. Write a one page summary of one of the items linked to in the “Integrated Computing” section.,
  5. Explain why the personal computer is now considered a commodity.,

 

Information Systems for Business

  1. The CPU can also be thought of as the _____________ of the computer.
  2. List the units of measure for data storage in increasing order from smallest to largest, kilobyte to yottabyte.
  3. What is the bus of a computer?
  4. Name two differences between RAM and a hard disk.
  5. What are the advantages of solid-state drives over hard disks? Information Systems for Business

Exercise –

  1. Re-read the section on IoT, then find at least two scholarly articles about IoT. Prepare a minimum of three slides that address issues related to IoT. Be sure to give attribution to your sources.

2) Information Technology and Organizational Learning Questions

  • Chapter 2 – Note why the IT organizational structure is an important concept to understand.  Also, note the role of IT in the overall business strategy Information Systems for Business

The above submission should be one page in length and adhere to APA formatting standards.

**Remember the page length does not include the APA cover page or any references**

Note the first assignment should be in one section and the second section should have the information from the Information Technology and Organizational Learning assignment.  The paper requirements for the two-pages applies to the second part of the assignment directly related to the Information Technology and Organizational Learning assignment.

Text Book –

  • Information Systems for Business and Beyond Questions:

https://opentextbook.site/informationsystems2019/

  • Text book attached to this.

 

 

January 12, 2025
January 12, 2025

Aspects of Cybersecurity

Assignment Instructions:

You will be presenting a preliminary copy of the Opening Material, the content may change later in the course, but I am looking for a solid submission. In the Table of Contents, please make sure to breakdown each of the sections and their subsections.

 

Aspects of Cybersecurity

 

REQUIREMENTS:

  • 4 – 6 Pages in length in APA format (not including a cover page and reference section)
  • Cover Page
  • Table of Contents
  • Foreword
  • Abstract
  • Introduction (make sure you explain why your topic is relevant and what research question(s) you are trying to answer)
  • Reference Section

NOTE: The sections at the end of the course will be:

  • Cover Page
  • Table of Contents
  • Foreword
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Literature Review
  • Discussion
  • Recommendations and Conclusions
  • References

MISCELLANEOUS:

  1. Use current and real world data to make your points, not just the textbook
  2. Your references should not be more than 5 years old
  3. Your assignment is due by Sunday not later than 11:59 p.m. Eastern time.

 COURSE OBJECTIVES:

CO-1: Examine the various aspects of cybersecurity including the relationship between cyber defense, cyber operations, cyber exploitations, cyber intelligence, cybercrime, Cyberlaw within Federal and State Laws

CO-2: Deconstruct the processes and goals of cyber forensics investigations including the importance of search warrants and chain of custody in a forensic investigation of computer related crimes,

CO-3: Prepare a plan to manage functions that encompass overseeing a program or technical aspect of a security program at a high level ensuring currency with changing risk and threat environments.,

CO-4: Prepare a plan to design functions that encompass scoping a program or developing procedures, processes, and architectures that guide work execution at the program and/or system level.,

CO-5: Develop strategies and plans for security architecture consisting of tools techniques and technologies to detect and prevent network penetration and to design effective cybersecurity countermeasures.,

CO-6: Develop a policy to analyze network designs topologies architectures protocols communications administration operations and resource management for wired wireless and satellite networks that affect the security of the cyberspace.,

CO-7: Develop a policy to implement functions that encompass putting programs processes or policies into action within an organization.,

CO-8: Prepare a plan to evaluate functions that encompass assessing the effectiveness of a program policy process or security service in achieving its objectives.

January 12, 2025
January 12, 2025

Introduction to a topic related to LGBTQI behavioral and mental health

The mental health of individuals within the LGBTQI community has been a growing area of research in recent years, with increasing attention to the unique challenges faced by these individuals. One significant issue is the experience of trauma, which can include emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, often resulting from discrimination, stigmatization, and marginalization within society. This trauma can lead to a higher risk of developing mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, substance use disorders, and PTSD (Budge et al., 2013). As a PMHNP, it is important to understand the impact of trauma on the LGBTQI community and apply appropriate assessment and intervention strategies in a culturally competent manner.

LGBTQI behavioral and mental health

 

Epidemiology and economic costs

The LGBTQI population experiences elevated rates of trauma compared to their heterosexual and cisgender counterparts. According to the National LGBTQ Task Force (2021), up to 50% of LGBTQI individuals report experiencing some form of abuse, discrimination, or violence in their lifetime, with transgender individuals being disproportionately affected. Additionally, studies have shown that LGBTQI youth are more likely to experience homelessness due to family rejection, which can expose them to further trauma (Wilson, 2020). The economic costs of trauma in the LGBTQI community are substantial. Mental health disorders resulting from trauma often lead to increased healthcare utilization, disability claims, and lost productivity. The total economic burden of mental health issues, including trauma-related conditions, is estimated to be in the billions annually (CDC, 2021). These costs reflect the need for targeted interventions and the promotion of inclusive care for LGBTQI individuals.

 

Overview of the assessment and tools to assess/DSM-5

Assessing trauma in the LGBTQI community requires a culturally competent approach., Utilizing the DSM-5 is essential in identifying trauma-related disorders such as PTSD major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders., Common assessment tools include the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) for youth and the PTSD Checklist for adults (PCL-5) which assess trauma symptoms (Briere 2019). ,However when working with LGBTQI individuals it is important to consider their unique experiences and ensure that the assessment environment is safe and inclusive. ,The Gender Minority Stress and Resilience Scale (GMSRS) is another tool that can assess the psychological effects of gender-related discrimination and stress (Budge et al. 2013)., When assessing LGBTQI clients, the PMHNP should ask open-ended questions using language that is affirming and respectful of their gender identity and sexual orientation.

 

Pharmacological interventions with specifics to dynamics, kinetics, contraindications, side effects, and so on

Pharmacological treatment for trauma-related mental health issues in the LGBTQI community is similar to the general population but may require specific considerations. First-line pharmacological interventions for PTSD, anxiety, and depression include SSRIs such as sertraline (Zoloft) and paroxetine (Paxil), which have shown efficacy in treating trauma-related disorders (Davidson et al., 2018). However, PMHNPs must be aware of potential side effects, including sexual dysfunction, which can be particularly relevant in the LGBTQI population, where sexual health and expression are key aspects of well-being (Friedman et al., 2020). Furthermore, for individuals with gender dysphoria or those transitioning, the pharmacological approach may include gender-affirming hormone therapy (e.g., testosterone or estrogen) and/or medications to mitigate mental health symptoms associated with gender transition (Wylie et al., 2021). Contraindications for SSRIs may include a history of serotonin syndrome or certain cardiovascular conditions and side effects like weight gain or insomnia should be monitored closely.

 

Plan of care to include collaborative interventions and psychotherapeutic options

A comprehensive plan of care for LGBTQI individuals with trauma should be holistic, involving both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions. Collaborative care should include a multidisciplinary team consisting of a PMHNP, primary care providers, social workers, and LGBTQI support groups. CBT has been shown to be effective for trauma, particularly in addressing negative thought patterns and behaviors (Cuijpers et al., 2016). Additionally, trauma-focused therapies such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing may be particularly effective in reducing PTSD symptoms (Bisson et al., 2019). Psychotherapy should be affirming, non-judgmental, and designed to promote resilience, self-acceptance, and coping mechanisms. Social support networks and community resources that cater specifically to LGBTQI individuals should be incorporated into the treatment plan to ensure comprehensive care.

  1. Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic mental health condition that impacts adults of all genders, races, and ages. BD typically presents in late adolescence or early adulthood and is characterized by episodes of mania or hypomania and depression. There are several challenges and unique factors that must be taken into consideration when addressing bipolar within the LGBTQI+ population. The LGBTQI+ population is at higher risk for mental health disorders, to include bipolar disorders. The social isolation, stigma, and stress associated with being within this minority population may interact with genetic and biological predispositions and increase the risk for the presentation of BD. Furthermore, these negative experiences may exacerbate symptoms and influence the progression and management of BD (Gmelin et al., 2022).

Bipolar disorder places a high economic burden on the United States. It is estimated that BD results in an estimated $195 billion of lost funds due to direct and indirect costs. Direct cost includes ongoing medical treatment and indirect costs include loss of work or loss of home (Bessonova et al., 2020). The LBGTQI+ population members with mental health disorders experience greater indirect costs than the general population, as this population typically experiences challenges with academics, employment, and housing due to stigma (Chen, Wang, She, Qin, & Ming, 2022).

Diagnosing BD requires a comprehensive assessment that includes a detailed psychiatric history, family history, mood charting, and identification of triggering factors. Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) can use several assessment tools to help screen for BD symptoms, such as the Mood Disorder Questionnaire or the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Culpepper, 2014). It is important for providers to be aware these questionaries may not be culturally sensitive to the LGBTQI+ populations, so interpretation should consider cultural context (Chen, Wang, She, Qin, & Ming, 2022).

Treatment of BD within the LBGTQI+ population has greatest success when a combination of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment approaches is used. Pharmacological treatment may include mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants. Lithium is a mood stabilizer that acts on the sodium channels and second-messenger systems. Valproate is a mood stabilizer that enhances GABAergic activity. The PMHNP must consider how other medications may impact how these medications are metabolized. Similarly, atypical antipsychotics, such as Aripiprazole, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, can be used to manage manic or mixed episodes. However, the patient must be closely monitored for side effects, such as weight gain, sedation, or metabolic syndrome (Culpepper, 2014).

Nonpharmacological interventions should start with psychoeducation to help patients better understand the disease process and recognize signs and symptoms of mood instability. Additionally, a positive community support system can help members of the LBGTQI+ population better manage the BD disease process. Community support may include support groups for LBGTQI+ members with BD, financial support network, or social support activities. This collaborative approach increases the likelihood that the LBGTQI+ patient will adhere to the treatment plan and ensures that the patient has the support they need to manage their mental health disorder (Moagi et al., 2021).