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Author Archives: Academic Wizard

April 5, 2025
April 5, 2025

Computer Crimes

Assignment

Before completing the discussion forum assignment, watch the following videos and read the debate piece:

Cybercrime

The Pirate Bay: Away From Keyboard

Should You Be Concerned With the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act of 2015 (CISA)?

U.S. Government Releases Final Guidelines on CISA

Computer Crimes

Have you ever shared files (music, video) with others on via the internet?  Have you ever used The Pirate Bay or similar sites to download content?  If so, which ones?  Do you consider yourself a criminal for doing so? Why? Why not?  What are the goals of CISA?  What are the criticisms?  What are your feelings regarding CISA?

https://youtu.be/Hq24-aP_46U?si=se9zP3PeG_uxeNvO

Computer Crimes

Assignment

Before completing the discussion forum assignment, watch the following videos and read the debate piece:

Cybercrime

The Pirate Bay: Away From Keyboard

Should You Be Concerned With the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act of 2015 (CISA)?,

U.S. Government Releases Final Guidelines on CISA,

Have you ever shared files (music video) with others on via the internet?,  Have you ever used The Pirate Bay or similar sites to download content? , If so which ones?  Do you consider yourself a criminal for doing so?, Why? Why not?  What are the goals of CISA?  What are the criticisms?,  What are your feelings regarding CISA?

https://youtu.be/Hq24-aP_46U?si=se9zP3PeG_uxeNvO

Computer Crimes

Assignment

Before completing the discussion forum assignment, watch the following videos and read the debate piece:

Cybercrime

The Pirate Bay: Away From Keyboard

Should You Be Concerned With the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act of 2015 (CISA)?

U.S. Government Releases Final Guidelines on CISA

Have you ever shared files (music, video) with others on via the internet?  Have you ever used The Pirate Bay or similar sites to download content?  If so, which ones?  Do you consider yourself a criminal for doing so? Why? Why not?  What are the goals of CISA?  What are the criticisms?  What are your feelings regarding CISA?

https://youtu.be/Hq24-aP_46U?si=se9zP3PeG_uxeNvO

April 5, 2025
April 5, 2025

Conflict and Security

Six Degrees Could Change the World: Assignment
After watching this movie, answer the question below in how they may affect conflict and
Security. (Two pages, APA title page, citations and references)
1. What happens to ranchland and rainforest?
2. What Country would benefit from an increase in 1 degree temperature, what countries
would suffer? What would be the impact of this?
3. What will happen to the fishing industry, dog sledding, and other wintertime sports?
4. How will crops change?
5. What happens in places like the Himalayas?
6. What could happen to cause conflict with countries, and between countries?
7. What are some ideas to prevent this?Six Degrees Could Change the World: Assignment

Conflict and Security

After watching this movie, answer the question below in how they may affect conflict and
Security. (Two pages, APA title page, citations and references)
1. What happens to ranchland and rainforest?,
2. What Country would benefit from an increase in 1 degree temperature what countries
would suffer? What would be the impact of this?,
3. What will happen to the fishing industry dog sledding and other wintertime sports?
4. How will crops change?,
5. What happens in places like the Himalayas?,
6. What could happen to cause conflict with countries and between countries?,
7. What are some ideas to prevent this? Six Degrees Could Change the World: Assignment
After watching this movie, answer the question below in how they may affect conflict and
Security. (Two pages, APA title page, citations and references)
1. What happens to ranchland and rainforest?
2. What Country would benefit from an increase in 1 degree temperature, what countries
would suffer? What would be the impact of this?
3. What will happen to the fishing industry, dog sledding, and other wintertime sports?
4. How will crops change?
5. What happens in places like the Himalayas?
6. What could happen to cause conflict with countries, and between countries?
7. What are some ideas to prevent this?Six Degrees Could Change the World: Assignment
After watching this movie, answer the question below in how they may affect conflict and
Security. (Two pages, APA title page, citations and references)
1. What happens to ranchland and rainforest?
2. What Country would benefit from an increase in 1 degree temperature, what countries
would suffer? What would be the impact of this?
3. What will happen to the fishing industry, dog sledding, and other wintertime sports?
4. How will crops change?
5. What happens in places like the Himalayas?
6. What could happen to cause conflict with countries, and between countries?
7. What are some ideas to prevent this?

April 5, 2025
April 5, 2025

The Counseling Theories covered in this course range from long-term (classical psychoanalysis) to possibly one session (solution-focused brief therapy)., Describe the relationship between the expected length of counseling and the goals of the counseling model., In other words WHY does psychoanalysis take so long?, WHY can solution-focused brief therapy last for one session?, How would technology-supported counseling impact the counseling process in each of these scenarios?,

The Counseling Theories Read More

April 5, 2025
April 5, 2025

You are a Juvenile Justice professional who has been tasked with creating a presentation on problems inherent in the function of juvenile courts. You have been asked to share this presentation with the key personnel of the local police department, school district, social welfare agents, and other community organizations to build awareness about juvenile crime, including its prevalence and trends, problem-solving strategies, and its impact on local juvenile court processing and dispositions. Your audience supports the need to use adult measures to address juveniles 14–17 years old who commit violent crimes.

Managers and HR Employees

Assessment Preparation

Read the “Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Court, 2020” fact sheet from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). Pay close attention to the graph and table on p. 1 showing total delinquency and trends.

Juvenile Justice

Visit the Easy Access to State and County Juvenile Court Case Counts (EZACO) page from OJJDP for data on case counts in each state for juvenile delinquency, status offenses, and dependency cases. Use the drop-down menus at the top of the page to change the year and jurisdiction displayed in the table. You should view the table for your state for the years 2005 and 2020, and save each year’s table to include in your presentation.

Juvenile Justice

Assessment Deliverable

Create a 10- to 12-slide presentation to explain the data you’ve reviewed. Address the following in your presentation:

  • Explain your view of juvenile crime and public safety in both the U.S. and in your state. Include the following in your explanation:,
  • The role media had in shaping your views,
  • The media mechanisms that influenced your views,
  • Explain the data shown in the “Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Court 2020” fact sheet and what the trends reflect.,
  • Explain the Easy Access to State and County Juvenile Court Case Counts (EZACO) data from your state regarding arrest trends for the years 2005 and 2020 and what the trends reflect. Note: When reviewing the data, your determination of total delinquency needs to include the sum of petitioned + non-petitioned cases for the years 2005 and 2020.,
  • Explain what may be behind the decrease in total delinquency at the national and state level.,
  • Identify the strengths and problems related to official statistics like the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) when determining how much juvenile crime exists. Refer to Figure 3.6 “Strengths and Weaknesses of the Three Measures of Juvenile Crime” in Ch. 3 of your textbook Juvenile Justice: Policies Programs and Practices.,
  • Identify the impact of juvenile justice system discretion and confidentiality on the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR).,
  • Explain how your view of juvenile crime and public safety has been affected by these statistics.,

Include a title slide, a reference slide, and detailed speaker notes of at least 50 words per slide.

Cite at least 2 peer-reviewed, scholarly, or similar references and format your citations and references according to APA guidelines.

April 5, 2025
April 5, 2025

Managers and HR Employees

In this course you will acquire knowledge about multiple topics relevant to managers and HR employees.  You will apply your learning by presenting an overall HR plan for an organization that you have chosen.  This is your opportunity to demonstrate your ability to consider and recommend actions to management on how the organization can be most competitive in the global environment by utilizing the organization’s best assets, its human capital.

Managers and HR Employees

Development of the Plan

You can research an organization, or you can use an organization with which you are familiar.  The end product is a paper that presents a comprehensive HR plan for the organization that includes the concepts that you have learned from the text and outside resources.  You must include citations in text and a reference page (APA format).

Parameters for the organization

You should describe the organization with which you will be associated. You will need to provide some level of detail of your organization.  Use your general knowledge, coursework, and research to accomplish this.

Even though you are required to provide general organizational details, your primary function is human resources.  Analyze based on this premise.

Assume that a core group of managers and employees is already in place.

Your organization can produce a product or service.

Requirements for the Overview of the organization

  • Description of what the organization does and organizational structure.  Be specific.  You may include an organizational chart.,
  • How does the organization operate?  How are tasks/work projects accomplished?,
  • Is the organization domestic or international?  Locations?,
  • Who are the competitors?,
  • What are the factors that you believe are critical to success in this organization?,
  • What is the culture like?,
  • How is information communicated?,
  • Why would people want to work for this organization?,

HR Topics that must be addressed in the paper

Recruitment and Selection

Include the job description and interview questions that you develop in your appendix.  A discussion and analysis of why and how you developed these tools should be included in the paper.  Best practices based on the research and your text should be discussed.

Managers and HR Employees

Compensation and Benefits

Include the compensation package that you develop in your appendix.  A discussion and analysis of why and how you developed these tools should be included in the paper. Best practices based on the research and your text should be discussed.

Performance Management

Include the performance appraisal and management system that you develop in your appendix.  A discussion and analysis of why and how you developed these tools should be included in the paper.  Best practices based on the research and your text should be discussed.

Training Program

Include the training program overview that you develop in your appendix.  A discussion and analysis of why and how you developed these tools should be included in the paper.  Best practices based on the research and your text should be discussed.

Other topics of interest for your plan

This is a free topic area.  You can discuss diversity, succession planning, retention, or any topic that we have studied in the course that pertains to your plan.

Research

The student should research current writings relevant to the HRM area involved to determine what kinds of causes and solutions have been applied to similar situations. Refer to peer reviewed journal articles and integrate these studies into the paper. Please use SWU library databases to search for these articles.

Managers and HR Employees

Requirements

The data collected will be integrated into a comprehensive final report paper (which you should offer to share with the organization you analyzed), complete with an executive summary, your findings, analyses, action plan/ recommendation and any supporting data or appendices.

This report should be APA formatted, 12-15 pages in length, exclusive of appendices, table of contents, and cover sheet. The report must contain at least 8 quality reference articles – these must be appropriately cited and placed in a references page per APA requirements.

Criteria for Grading

See the Individual Project Paper Download Individual Project Paper rubric (PDF File)

  • Was the recommended plan sound?
  • Was the recommended program innovative?
  • Did the presentation expand our understanding of HRM in the organization?
  • Was there evidence of industry study?
  • Was there evidence of scholarly research conducted?
  • Evidence of Critical Thought- not just recitation of quotes
  • Contains rich and fully developed new ideas, connections, and applications
  • Examines implications of the plan and recommendations for contrasting views
  • Draws conclusions from the literature and personal experiences

APA format and Mechanics

  • Includes in text citations in proper APA format
  • Includes a reference page in APA format
  • Proper spelling/grammar
  • Proper mechanics and sentence/paragraph structure
  • Timeliness
April 5, 2025
April 5, 2025

Infections on Respiratory System

BIOL 200 (Microbiology) lecture

The patient is a college student, complaining with sore throat, feeling not really ill, and planning NOT to go to campus clinic. After arguing with her roommate (majoring in microbiology) she agree to visit the clinic.

Infections on Respiratory System

 

At the clinic, the nurse run a rapid strep test (RST). She swabbed the back of the throat and use in office kit to immediately determine whether Streptococcus pyogenes was present in the sample. Test was (-, negative). Doctor sent the sample down to the clinical lab and sent student back home with prescription of antibiotic (WHICH ONE DO YOU THINK HE PRESCRIBED IT?). 24 HOURS LATER student receive a message from the nurse to start taking the antibiotic immediately.

QUESTIONS:

  1. Consider that student had had a strep throat two years ago, why would she develop it again?
  2. Why would the RST be negative when student in fact have strep throat?
  3. Why was the student given antibiotic (which one?) to treat her infection?
  4. Why is important to treat strep throat promptly?
  5. Why are there NO vaccines against pyogenes?

Infections on Respiratory System

Describe briefly:

What is the type/name of this infection?

Signs and Symptoms –

Causative agent –

Pathogenesis –

Epidemiology –

Treatment –

Prevention –

Infections on Respiratory System

BIOL 200 (Microbiology) lecture

The patient is a college student, complaining with sore throat, feeling not really ill, and planning NOT to go to campus clinic. After arguing with her roommate (majoring in microbiology) she agree to visit the clinic.

At the clinic, the nurse run a rapid strep test (RST). She swabbed the back of the throat and use in office kit to immediately determine whether Streptococcus pyogenes was present in the sample. Test was (-, negative). Doctor sent the sample down to the clinical lab and sent student back home with prescription of antibiotic (WHICH ONE DO YOU THINK HE PRESCRIBED IT?). 24 HOURS LATER student receive a message from the nurse to start taking the antibiotic immediately.

Infections on Respiratory System

QUESTIONS:

  1. Consider that student had had a strep throat two years ago why would she develop it again?,
  2. Why would the RST be negative when student in fact have strep throat?,
  3. Why was the student given antibiotic (which one?) to treat her infection?,
  4. Why is important to treat strep throat promptly?,
  5. Why are there NO vaccines against pyogenes?,

Describe briefly:

What is the type/name of this infection?

Signs and Symptoms –

Causative agent –

Pathogenesis –

Epidemiology –

Treatment –

Prevention –

 

April 5, 2025
April 5, 2025

M2 Practitioner Application

Identifying Red and Blue Oceans

Your M2 Practitioner Application will require devoted inquiry, assimilation, reflection, and refinement in order to achieve the highest possible score. Specifically, you are to take the scenario listed below, address it in full, and submit your work in accordance with the instructions contained herein. This is an independent assignment to be completed by you and you alone. Sharing work with fellow students, supplying advice to your student peers, gaining assistance from outside parties, and similar actions will constitute violations of the academic code of conduct and will carry significant penalties in accordance with University policy.

M2 Practitioner Application

The Challenge

M2 focuses significant attention on blue ocean strategy, defining both blue and red oceans and explaining the properties associated with each. Specifically, I’d like for you to examine healthcare offerings in the city of your choice and work to identify red oceans and blue oceans. (Note that you must select an actual city as this assignment requires an actual market investigation. Further, the city you select must be of sufficient size to have an active, thriving healthcare marketplace.) This will require achieving a deep understanding of red and blue oceans, coupled with an intensive understanding of the selected city, its healthcare providers, and their associated services. Research beyond that supplied by your readings, notably including field research, will be most helpful in this endeavor.

The Submission Requirement

Your submission in its entirety (i.e., all inclusive) must be AT LEAST 1200 words. It is to be typed (or pasted) directly into the M posting window, after which you will submit your work. After submission, students are advised to verify that the assignment was submitted successfully by revisiting the submission link in advance of the assignment deadline. (Warning: After the assignment deadline, do not return to the M1 Practitioner Application to check the status of your submission, as doing so can change the submission date, forcing issuance of penalties for lateness.) Note that attachments of any kind are prohibited and will carry no points value. Given the length of the submission, it is advised that students prepare it in a word processing program, and when finalized, copy and paste the text into the Moodle posting window. Moodle can be very finicky and often will distort formatting, so care must be taken in preparing your submission. It is understood that Moodle formatting is limited; simply make your submission look as nice as possible.

M2 Practitioner Application

Submissions must incorporate a minimum of ten (10) references, with at least three (3) being from scholarly academic journals. (If you cannot ascertain whether a journal does or does not qualify as scholarly academic, contact the Noel Library and request assistance.) References must be prepared using the latest version of APA style, as referenced in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition (2020). You may purchase this manual from most any bookstore or from APA directly, or you may consult the many helpful online resources which demonstrate APA style. If you do make use of online guidance, just make sure that the associated websites indeed are providing information from the latest edition of the APA manual (7th Edition, 2020). Note that one should never simply copy-and-paste references from websites or other databases, as these frequently contain errors. Note also that relying on reference software for preparing references is high risk, as results sometimes do not conform with APA style. The safest way to ensure that your references are prepared correctly is to acquire the APA manual and then manually assemble your references following associated guidance. As Moodle formatting is limited, APA style applies only to the preparation and presentation of references. In-text citations, of course, must be included. Treat this as a formal report, rather than an informal web post. Incomplete or otherwise noncompliant reference sections which do not follow the guidance provided in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition (2020) will result in a 30-point deduction.

In presenting your work, identify the title, your name and student ID number, and submission date at the top of your submission and supply the following headings, exactly as they appear below, placing each in bold text:

  • Introduction (In this section, supply a brief introduction, helping the reader grasp the intent of the forthcoming work.)
  • Background
    • City Profile (In this section supply a brief overview of the city of focus noting its name population demographic characteristics, and any other helpful background information.),
    • Competitive Landscape (In this section describe the state of competition in the marketplace by identifying key healthcare organizations discussing medical services provided and so on to paint a detailed picture of the given environment.),
  • Observations
    • Red Oceans (In this section, identify and describe health and medical red oceans in the given city. Be sure to include justifications for your decisions.),
    • Blue Oceans (In this section, identify and describe health and medical blue oceans in the given city. Be sure to include justifications for your decisions.),
  • Conclusions (In this section summarize the report being sure to express your perspectives on the potential of the associated market.),
  • References (In this section, supply a list of references conforming with the instructions listed elsewhere in this communication.)

M2 Practitioner Application

Assessment Criteria

Your submission will be assessed based on the following:

  • Compliance quality: The degree to which your submission complies with noted guidelines, including word count and reference specifications,
  • Communication quality: The degree to which your work meets standards expected in business communications, including matters concerning the use of proper grammar and punctuation, and
  • Content quality: The quality of the content presented in your work.

M2 Practitioner Application

Take care when determining word counts; Moodle automatically supplies these details to instructors. If word count requirements are not met, a 30-point deduction is assessed. (Note that Moodle’s word count algorithm may differ from the one used by your word processor, presenting yet another reason supporting an early submission, affording adjustment opportunities, if needed.)

Also, take care to note the deadline for this assignment. Late submissions will be accepted for up to 24 hours beyond the deadline; however, a 30-point deduction for lateness will be assessed. Submissions received more than 24 hours beyond the deadline are automatically scored zero points.

Further, take care to note that submissions are to address the inquiry presented in the noted instructions in full. Alterations to the inquiry as presented herein are prohibited and will result in submissions being scored zero points.

Good luck!

 

April 3, 2025
April 3, 2025

 

Research Methods

This is a reflection paper, so the writing style is less formal than research. However, the regular components of an APA research paper should be present, including a cover page, page numbering, in-text citations where appropriate, and a reference page at the end.

The TITLE of your paper for Assignment 1 should be your Learning Style result.

Title: (ESFJ ,(EXTRAVERSION SENSING FEELING JUDGING)

(My Learning Styles are below)

Use the MILO or ProQuest Psychology database to locate an article on Myers Briggs and/or your own specific MBTI results. (Note – the MILO and ProQuest databases do not utilize the QEP Learning Style labels in their information. You should research the four-letter Myers Briggs type code identified in your results of the QEP test.)

Research Methods

 

 

 

  • Complete a brief 3-page (3 p. of body, not counting cover page, etc…) Reflection Paper in APA 7 format incorporating the following information:

Video resource University Link: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SF0QwyiBZss5qBVlekuleOmQ-mLCuHMX/view?usp=drive_link

QEP: My Learning Style

“My Learning Style” is designed to allow students to explore their adult learning style and its impact on the learning process. This course contains an assignment designed to achieve that goal. To complete the “My Learning Style” Assignment, students will take the MBTI to discover their adult learning style and review videos and related journal articles. Each student will complete a brief 3-page Reflection paper about their experience with the “My Learning Style” project. Aspects of this project are incorporated in several assignments, as noted on the Assignment Sheet.

Description

To describe your learning style, you should draw information from the video and other resources available from the University.  University offers valuable insights into the connection between MBTI types and learning styles. As you delve into the description, consider the following aspects:

MBTI Type: Begin by revealing your MBTI personality type. This provides a foundation for understanding your learning style, as different personality types tend to have distinct approaches to learning.

Research Methods

Characteristics:

Explore the characteristics of your learning style., Are you an introvert or an extrovert? Do you tend to rely on your intuition or focus on concrete information? ,Assess how your learning style affects your study methods group work and instructor interaction preferences.,

Alignment:

Evaluate whether your learning style seems a good match for you. ,Reflect on your academic experiences and consider whether you’re learning style has contributed to your success or presented challenges., Analyze how it influences your approach to coursework collaboration and problem-solving.

Summary I

This section will summarize the article you discovered through MILO/ProQuest. Ensure that you include the necessary APA documentation, such as the author’s name, publication date, and article title. The summary should provide an overview of the key findings and insights presented in the article. Consider the following guidelines for summarizing the article:

Introduction:

Briefly introduce the article, including the author’s name, publication date, and the central topic of the study.

Methodology:

Describe the research methods and tools used in the study, as this may impact the validity and reliability of the findings.

Key Findings:

Highlight the most significant findings or conclusions presented in the article. These may relate to learning styles, educational strategies, or other relevant aspects.

Implications:

Discuss how the article’s findings may relate to your own learning style and the educational environment at the University.

Research Methods

Reflection

This section offers an opportunity to reflect on what you have learned through your QEP (Quality Enhancement Plan) My Learning Style experience. Consider the following prompts to guide your reflection:

Self-Awareness: What insights have you gained about your learning style? How has this self-awareness impacted your approach to learning and studying?

Effectiveness:

Reflect on the effectiveness of your current learning strategies. Have you found that aligning your study methods with your learning style has improved your academic performance?

Challenges:

Are there any challenges or obstacles you’ve encountered as a result of your learning style? How have you addressed or adapted to these challenges?

Future Plans:

In what ways can you use your newfound understanding of your learning style to enhance your future educational experiences? Are there specific strategies or changes you plan to implement based on this knowledge? By addressing these elements, your paper on “My Learning Style” will provide a comprehensive exploration of your learning style, offer a summary of relevant research, and document your reflective insights, resulting in a well-rounded and informative document.

 

 

April 3, 2025
April 3, 2025

SCIE 211 Lab 4:  Correlation and Causation

Instructions

Introduction

Identifying the extent and type of relationships between variables (or phenomena, events, traits, etc.) is an important aspect of the scientific method.  The term correlation is used to refer a mutual relationship that is thought to exist between any two variables, phenomena, events, etc.  While correlation plays an underlying role in establishing causation (i.e. the events must be related in order for A to cause B), the existence of a relationship between variables is not sufficient to imply causation.

 

Correlation and Causation

 

The process of successfully attributing causation is difficult; the causal chain (or pathway) of events is often not clear. Can we be sure that A causes B, or is it, in fact, the other way around that B causes A? Or, is there a hidden third, extraneous, or confounding factor C that can cause one or the other or both? This hidden or lurking third factor (another variable at play/an alternative explanation) is called the extraneous, spurious, or confounding variable.

There are three criteria for figuring out whether or not there is evidence for causation:

1) There exists a strong and consistent correlation. This means that when the alleged cause A is present, the alleged effect B tends to be present as well.  Also, there should be a plausible explanatory model (that is consistent with the data and fits with other scientific understanding) so we can explain the correlation.

2) There is precedence.  This means that both the time-order and direction have been established.  In other words, to say that A causes B, the cause A must come before effect B —or that B does not happen unless A occurs first.

3) All other confounding factors (lurking, spurious, extraneous, or third variables) or alternative explanations have been ruled out.  Causation can only be established if A has been shown to directly cause B, without any other intervening variables.  This allows us to make predictions in advance, that A will cause B.  This predicative relationship can be seen, for example, in the dose relationship — the larger the dosage, the stronger the response. 

Correlation and Causation

To demonstrate this principle, you will look at the relationship between the diameter of a balloon and lung volumes.

Tidal volume is the volume of air that you move into and out of your lungs each time you breathe normally.  Average tidal volume is roughly 500 mL (Moini, 2020)

The amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume is called the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV). The average inspiratory reserve volume varies dramatically with sex:  3000 mL in males, 2100 mL in females (Moini, 2020).

The amount of air that can be expelled forcibly beyond tidal volume is called the expiratory reserve volume (ERV).   Just like the inspiratory reserve volume, the expiratory reserve volume also varies dramatically with sex:  1100 mL in males, 800 mL in females (Moini, 2020).

Vital capacity represents the maximum amount of exchangeable air that our lungs can move.  It is the sum of the tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume, or:

Vital capacity (mL) = Tidal volume (mL)   +  IRV (mL)   +  ERV (mL)

In this laboratory, you will use a balloon to measure your tidal volume (volume of air moved in normal breath) and vital capacity (maximum volume of air moved).  You will consider lurking variables/confounding factors that contributed to any deviation from expected values.

Correlation and Causation

Objectives: 

After completing this laboratory, you should be able to:

  • Discuss the danger of confusing correlation with causation.
  • Identify extraneous or confounding factors.
  • Explain how we determine support for causation.
  • Evaluate causal claims.

Materials:

  • 1 Balloon (12 inch)
  • Metric Ruler
  • 1 binder clip (or fingers)
  • Pencil
  • Calculator

Procedure – Part I: Measuring Tidal Volume 

  1. Blow up and deflate the balloon several times to stretch it out.,
  2. Sit down and relax. Inhale normally and then exhale only that of a normal breath into the balloon.,
  3. Immediately twist and clamp the balloon (or pinch with your fingers) so that no air escapes.,
  4. Place the tip of a pencil vertically onto the zero cm mark on the ruler. Place the balloon on its side next to the pencil.  (See figure 1).,
  5. Holding the balloon in position, move your pencil to the other side of the balloon.,
  6. Record the diameter (cm) in the table on the Lab 4 Worksheet. Make sure your recorded value has the correct number of significant figures.,
  7. Repeat the entire process 2 more times.,
  8. Calculate the average balloon diameter for your three trials on the Lab 4 Worksheet ,                                               Figure 1

Procedure – Part II: Measuring Vital Capacity

  1. Use the same balloon as used in Part I.
  2. Inhale as deeply as you can and exhale as much air into the balloon as you can.
  3. Immediately twist and clamp the balloon (or pinch with your fingers) so that no air escapes.
  4. Place the tip of a pencil vertically onto the zero cm mark on the ruler. Place the balloon on its side next to the pencil.  (See figure 1).
  5. Holding the balloon in position, move your pencil to the other side of the balloon.
  6. Record the diameter (cm) in the table on the Lab 4 Worksheet. Make sure your recorded value has the correct number of significant figures.
  7. Repeat the entire process 2 more times.
  8. Calculate the average balloon diameter for your three trials on the Lab 4 Worksheet.

Analysis

  1. Use the graph in Figure 2 (below) to estimate the average diameters of your balloon filled by a normal breath and the balloon filled by a deep breath into cc (cubic centimeters) of lung volume.   Record the values in the table on the Lab 4 Worksheet.
  2. Using the conversion 1 cc = 1 mL, convert the volumes in cc to volumes in mL. Record these values in the table on the Lab 4 Worksheet.  These represent your observed tidal volume and observed vital capacity.
  3. Record the expected values (from pre-lab questions 1 an 2) in the table on the Lab 4 Worksheet.
  4. Calculate and record the % difference. Remember, the % difference is:

Correlation and Causation

% difference   =  |(Observed volume   –    Expected volume)     x    100%

Expected volume

                       Figure 2: Relationship Between Balloon Diameter and Volume of Exhaled Air

 

Submit your completed Lab 4 Worksheet to the drop box by the due date indicated for the assignment.

 

References

Moini, J. (2020).  Anatomy and Physiology for Health Professionals, Third Edition.  Jones and Bartlett Learning.

 

Measuring Lung Capacity (n.d.).  Retrieved from  http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/lungcapacity.html