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Author Archives: Academic Wizard

May 9, 2025

Organizational Capabilities vs. Performance

You will post your initial response, and then in Module Eight, you will assess other learners’ posts and provide them with your input. This allows you additional time to make your initial post strong, robust, and well-supported.

In Module Seven consider the following statement:  “The best-performing companies worry less about performance and more about their organizational capabilities” (Bititci 2015).,Then review the interview notes memos for  COMPANY A and Company b. ,Then think about organizational performance in relation to organizational capabilities and address the following in your initial post:,

· Do you agree with the statement above? Why or why not?,

· How does organizational culture affect capability and performance? For example, an active, participative culture is essential for encouraging organizational learning.

· What do you think about the organizational culture and capabilities of Companies A and B and their role in the two companies’ performances?

Organizational Capabilities vs. Performance

 

 

Initial Post – Module Seven
Topic: Organizational Capabilities vs. Performance

I agree with the statement by Bititci (2015) that “the best-performing companies worry less about performance and more about their organizational capabilities.” This reflects a long-term strategic mindset. Organizational performance is ultimately a result of capabilities—the skills, systems, structures, and culture that empower employees to respond, adapt, and innovate. By focusing on developing these capabilities, companies naturally build a stronger foundation for sustainable high performance.

Organizational culture plays a critical role in shaping both capability and performance. A participative culture that promotes communication, learning, and collaboration increases an organization’s adaptive capacity. When employees are engaged and empowered, they share knowledge more freely and are more likely to contribute to innovation and continuous improvement. Conversely, a rigid or top-down culture may suppress learning and innovation, which weakens organizational capabilities and hinders long-term performance.

After reviewing the interview notes for Company A and Company B, it is clear that the differences in their cultures and capabilities strongly influenced their performance outcomes.

  • Company A appears to have a more hierarchical and compliance-focused culture. While this structure may ensure short-term efficiency and control, it seems to have limited innovation and responsiveness. Employees reported a lack of voice in decision-making and minimal investment in skill development. These are signs of weak organizational capabilities—particularly in adaptability and learning. As a result, Company A’s performance may appear stable, but it is likely vulnerable to disruption or market changes due to its inward, risk-averse mindset.

  • In contrast, Company B fosters a collaborative, learning-oriented culture. Employees are involved in decision-making, and there is evidence of continuous improvement processes and professional development support. These cultural attributes are foundational to building dynamic capabilities, such as innovation, resilience, and agility. Unsurprisingly, Company B is described as high-performing—not because they chase metrics, but because they invest in people and processes that generate long-term value.

In summary, the quote from Bititci holds true: focusing on building organizational capabilities, particularly through a strong, participative culture, leads to better and more sustainable performance. Company B illustrates this well, while Company A serves

May 9, 2025
May 9, 2025

Russian Oligarchs Today

Topic Below

I chose to do my topic on number 2, “ identifying and discussing the most important “oligarchs” in contemporary Russia.”  While there were several topics that I have strong interest in, I decided to use this topic because it seems as if this is what we don’t want for the United States.  I became interested in Russia when I took a class here at Fayetteville Tech that taught me so much more than I could even have learned on my own.  I feel like I can find more information on this topic, than on some of the other topics I felt close to using.

Russian Oligarchs Today

 

 

Assignment Instructions

Term Project: Final Draft

Minimum Word count: 1,500 words.

Papers less than 1,500 words will receive an automatic ‘0’.

· Title Block (MLA format)

· Your name, Instructor’s Name, Course, and Date

· Introduction

·  A strong introduction provides an opportunity to capture the reader’s attention with a “hook.” It also indicates what the paper will be about and how the author will approach the topic.,

· Thesis statement Focus the paper on one controlled main idea (thesis statement).,

· Body of the Paper Construct meaningful paragraphs with supportive analysis drawn from the research conducted in the Annotated Bibliography.,

· Remember to be mindful of transitions. Lead the audience along making logical transitions between paragraphs and ideas.,

· The object of an essay is to communicate the entire message to induce the reader to continue to the end. Rather than write paragraphs that stand alone like a line of index cards the best technique is to connect the paragraphs with transition sentences that lead the reader irresistibly to the next paragraph.

· Remember to include in-text citations! This paper is required to have at least  5 direct quotations from 5 different legitimate scholarly non-fiction peer-reviewed sources and 1 map cited within the main body of your paper.

· Use the OWL at Purdue site for MLA guidelines:  https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_in_text_citations_the_basics.htmlLinks to an external site.

· ConclusionA concluding paragraph summarizes the main idea, ties the main points together neatly for the reader, and ends with a sense of finality.

· BibliographyRemember to follow MLA formatting guidelines for your sources.

· Your bibliography should have at least 5 scholarly non-fiction, peer-reviewed sources and 1 map.

· Remember to format your paper following MLA guidelines (12-point font, double-spaced, with your references at the end.

Grading Rubric:

Content and Development: 60 points

· All key elements of the assignment are organized and covered in a substantive way demonstrating insightful geographical research.

· The content is comprehensive, accurate, and persuasive and develops a central theme or idea directed toward the appropriate audience.

· The paper links geographical theory to relevant examples and uses the vocabulary of the theory correctly, major points are stated clearly, are organized logically, and are supported by specific details, examples, or analysis.

· The introduction provides sufficient background on the topic and previews major points and the conclusion is logical, flowing from the body of the paper, and reviewing the major points.

Readability and Style: 20 points

· The tone is appropriate with logical paragraph transitions that maintain the flow throughout the paper.

· Sentences are well constructed, strong, and varied as well as complete, clear, and concise.

Mechanics and Formatting: 20 points

· The paper, including the title information, reference page, tables, and appendixes, follows MLA formatting guidelines.

· Citations of original works within the body of the paper follow MLA guidelines.

· The paper is laid out with effective use of headings, font styles, and white space, following the rules of proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation.

May 9, 2025
May 9, 2025

You will work with a group of 3-4 people to create a newscast that recaps the key events and key figures of WWII. ,Your group will need to have 8 stories about either key events or figures from WWII. ,You can choose from anything we covered in class or find something that interests you that we did not cover

WWII Newscast

 

 

WWII Newscast – Segment Structure (8 Stories)

1. Anchor Introduction (30 seconds)

  • Role: Lead Anchor

  • Script Idea: Welcome viewers, introduce the time period (1939–1945), and set the tone: “Tonight, we take you through the defining moments and figures of World War II.”


🔹 Story 1: The Invasion of Poland (1939)

  • Why It Matters: The spark that started WWII.

  • Suggested Speaker: Reporter on location (mock Warsaw).

  • Key Facts:

    • Germany invaded Poland on Sept 1, 1939.

    • Britain and France declared war on Germany shortly after.

    • Used “Blitzkrieg” or lightning war tactics.


🔹 Story 2: Winston Churchill’s Rise and Role

  • Why It Matters: Iconic wartime leader of Britain.

  • Suggested Speaker: Interview format (“historian” guest).

  • Key Facts:

    • Became Prime Minister in 1940.

    • Famous for speeches boosting British morale.

    • Led Britain through the Blitz and major battles.


🔹 Story 3: Pearl Harbor Attack (Dec 7, 1941)

  • Why It Matters: Brought the U.S. into the war.

  • Suggested Speaker: Breaking news anchor.

  • Key Facts:

    • Surprise attack by Japan on U.S. naval base in Hawaii.

    • Over 2,400 Americans killed.

    • Prompted U.S. declaration of war on Japan.


🔹 Story 4: D-Day – The Normandy Invasion (June 6, 1944)

  • Why It Matters: Turning point in Western Europe.

  • Suggested Speaker: Field correspondent on “Utah Beach.”

  • Key Facts:

    • Allied forces stormed beaches of Nazi-occupied France.

    • Largest amphibious invasion in history.

    • Helped lead to the liberation of Paris.


🔹 Story 5: The Holocaust and Liberation of Camps

  • Why It Matters: Genocide of 6 million Jews.

  • Suggested Speaker: Emotional eyewitness account / actor as survivor or liberator.

  • Key Facts:

    • Concentration camps like Auschwitz.

    • Final Solution orchestrated by Nazis.

    • Liberation by Allied forces (e.g., U.S. troops at Buchenwald).


🔹 Story 6: Women in the War Effort

  • Why It Matters: Redefined gender roles in wartime.

  • Suggested Speaker: Interview with a “Rosie the Riveter”-type figure.

  • Key Facts:

    • Women filled factory and military support roles.

    • WAVES, WASPs, and other groups served with distinction.

    • Propaganda used to encourage female labor.


🔹 Story 7: The Atomic Bomb and Hiroshima/Nagasaki

  • Why It Matters: Ended the war with Japan, began nuclear era.

  • Suggested Speaker: Science/defense correspondent.

  • Key Facts:

    • Bombs dropped in August 1945.

    • Estimated 100,000+ killed instantly.

    • Led to Japan’s surrender on August 15, 1945.


🔹 Story 8: Adolf Hitler and the Fall of Berlin

May 7, 2025
May 7, 2025

Ethics in Data Breaches

  1. Summary of the Event: Provide a brief overview of the event or situation you’re discussing.,
  2. Ethical Implications: Analyze the ethical issues involved using concepts and frameworks from the readings., Consider questions like:
    • How do the actions in the event align or conflict with ethical principles discussed in the course?,
    • What ethical considerations were overlooked or addressed poorly?,
    • What responsibilities do individuals companies or governments have in addressing these issues?
  3. Reflection: Based on your analysis, what changes or actions would you recommend to improve the situation, considering the ethical frameworks you’ve studied?

Ethics in Data Breaches

hics in Data Breaches

Summary of the Event:

In 2023, a major social media company suffered a large-scale data breach that exposed the personal information of over 100 million users. The data included email addresses, phone numbers, and private messages. The company failed to detect the breach for weeks and delayed informing the public. This incident sparked widespread criticism over its lack of security and failure to be transparent with users, raising ethical concerns about data protection and corporate accountability.


Ethical Implications:

From a deontological standpoint, the company had a duty to protect user information and communicate truthfully. Delaying notification violated user trust and the principle of honesty. Users had a right to know when their personal data was compromised so they could take protective action.

Using a utilitarian approach, the company’s inaction likely led to greater harm. Had users been informed earlier, they might have avoided scams or identity theft. Instead, the company prioritized its reputation over public well-being.

From the lens of virtue ethics, the organization lacked integrity and responsibility. Ethical leadership requires proactive behavior and transparency, both of which were missing. Moreover, this case highlights broader systemic issues, including weak regulation and insufficient enforcement of data protection standards by governments.


Reflection and Recommendations:

Companies must act ethically not only when required by law but also when entrusted with public data. I recommend:

  • Immediate breach disclosure policies,

  • Stronger cybersecurity measures,

  • Required ethics training for corporate leadership,

  • And stricter government regulations.

These actions support ethical frameworks focused on duty, consequence, and character. Addressing these failures directly will help restore public trust and ensure long-term accountability in digital spaces.

May 7, 2025
May 7, 2025

 

Polite Collegial Debate

The U.S. health care system exists within a framework bounded by two ideological opposites: health care is a public good and health care is a private good.  – Jonas, 2021 (optional text)

What we have been exploring is the ideology (a set of opinions or beliefs of a group or an individual…very often ideology refers to a set of political beliefs or a set of ideas that characterize a particular culture) impact on healthcare in the US. We have already explored some of the impact that a deeply divided country will inevitably have on a complex system such as healthcare, where the vast majority of citizens are unable to pay for the level of healthcare expected by the small number who can.

Polite Collegial Debate

 

Tanner asserts that health care is not a right, but a business…whoever eventually comes up with a replacement for the ACA should keep a few hard truths in mind…healthcare is neither a right nor a privilege; it’s a commodity. Worse, it’s a finite commodity. There are only so many doctors, so many hospitals, and so much money, and there are limits to how much these things can be expanded. That’s why no healthcare system…provides unlimited care to everyone. – Jonas, 2021 (optional text)

As you work through this chapter you may find yourself cheering for some assertions (statements of belief) and booing for others. Keep in mind this is not simply an express your opinion discussion. It is an exercise in exploring how the healthcare system came to be in the US. It is an application of ideologies to what is fundamentally a business process, and an understanding of the problems that creates. If medical doctors are simply there to make money, it is a job, and they will care for you as quickly and efficiently as needed to make the most money. And those individuals who have no money can lie in the streets until they die. Consider this, are you ready for this in your healthcare system?

And finally, listen to opposing opinions. Is there some truth in what is being said? Are you able to find common ground?

Take note: any posts that are not polite, or respectful of the other student/faculty will be deleted and will not count for points. There is plenty of room in healthcare debates for different opinions, perhaps even the expectation. But there is never room for bullying, disrespecting, cursing, and pejorative.

Personalize your beliefs on the fundamental framework to guide healthcare.

Include the following aspects in the discussion:

· Read the debatable points from the readings and videos (healthcare is a public good, healthcare is a private good, healthcare is a public, private or mixed enterprise, the pragmatic reason government is involved is to assist those who cannot afford healthcare, the government should play no role in healthcare and those who cannot afford it should not receive it)

· Summarize your thoughts on each of these debatable points,

· How would it improve healthcare if your thoughts were applied?,

· How would it worsen healthcare if your thoughts were applied?,

· Discuss peers’ summaries. Include some middle ground you could agree or live with.,

· Cite any references. Proper grammar, sentence structure, and spelling are required. Use your own words. Copying and pasting are not allowed.

Bottom of Form

Top of Form

Post text editor

 

Bottom of Form

250 words in detail

May 7, 2025
May 7, 2025

(CHP 11) Ethical Communication

Address the following questions:,

1. Do you agree that companies should communicate any and all information that may pertain to employees?,

2. Would there ever be a time where it would be more ethical to hold back information from employees? ,

o Use at least 7-10 sentences (or more) to address each question.,       o Include at least one reference to support your discussion properly cited in APA format. This reference can come from the textbook, lecture materials, or additional scholarly research you conduct.

CHP 14 Downsizing Forum

How would you announce the downsizing of a company?  What types of services would you offer victims, survivors, and the community?  What are the possible issues related to downsizing that should be considered?

o Provide a complete answer to each of the questions asked.       o Use at least 7-10 sentences (or more) to address each question.

Ethical Communication

 

Chapter 11 – Ethical Communication

1. Do you agree that companies should communicate any and all information that may pertain to employees?

Yes, I agree that companies should communicate all relevant information that pertains to employees, especially when it impacts their well-being, job performance, or rights. Transparency fosters trust, reduces uncertainty, and strengthens organizational culture. Employees are more likely to be motivated and loyal when they feel respected and informed. Clear communication helps prevent misunderstandings and unethical behavior by making expectations and changes explicit. However, communication should also be clear, timely, and accurate, ensuring that information is delivered in a way that supports employees rather than overwhelming them with irrelevant or incomplete data. Full disclosure, particularly on matters such as job security, workplace safety, or organizational changes, allows employees to make informed decisions. According to Shockley-Zalabak (2015), ethical communication is not just about truth-telling but also about fairness, responsibility, and respect for others. Therefore, withholding important information can be seen as a breach of ethical duty. In summary, ethical communication requires that organizations err on the side of openness, especially when employee interests are at stake.

Reference:
Shockley-Zalabak, P. (2015). Fundamentals of organizational communication (9th ed.). Pearson Education.


2. Would there ever be a time where it would be more ethical to hold back information from employees?

While transparency is generally the ethical standard, there are rare instances where withholding information may be more ethical—but only temporarily and with just cause. For example, during emergency situations where incomplete or evolving information could cause panic or confusion, it may be ethical to delay disclosure until facts are verified. Another case could involve legal constraints, such as nondisclosure agreements or protecting sensitive information during a merger or acquisition. The key ethical consideration is the intent: is the organization protecting the employees or protecting itself at the expense of employees? If the intent is to cause harm, avoid accountability, or manipulate behavior, then withholding information becomes unethical. The ethical framework of utilitarianism can also apply here—if temporarily withholding information serves the greater good without long-term harm, it may be justifiable. However, this must be balanced with respect for employee autonomy and trust. According to Shockley-Zalabak (2015), ethical communication also involves judgment and the ability to recognize when full disclosure may not be the most responsible or respectful course of action. Th

May 7, 2025
May 7, 2025

The Role of Nurses in Shaping Healthcare Policy

Please ensure that the Discussion includes more than 400 words in APA style 7 format with scholarly articles no older than 5 years and the plagiarism level must remain below 20%.,

Nurses are on the front lines of healthcare delivery and are uniquely positioned to influence policy changes that can lead to improved patient care and healthcare access. Discuss the role of nurses in shaping healthcare policy., How can advanced practice nurses advocate for policy reforms that benefit patient outcomes and the nursing profession?,(CSLO #2)

  • Key areas where nurses can impact healthcare policy (e.g. access to care scope of practice patient safety).,
  • Strategies that nurses can use to engage in policy advocacy (e.g.through professional organizations legislative committees or leadership roles).,
  • Provide an example of a successful policy initiative led by nurses.

Nurses in Shaping Healthcare Policy

 

 

The Role of Nurses in Shaping Healthcare Policy

(CSLO #2)

Nurses, especially advanced practice nurses (APNs), play a crucial role in shaping healthcare policy due to their close proximity to patient care and deep understanding of healthcare systems. Their unique perspective allows them to identify gaps in care, inefficiencies in delivery, and areas where reform is needed. As the largest group of healthcare professionals, nurses have the collective power to advocate for policies that improve patient outcomes and promote equitable access to care.

One of the key areas where nurses can influence policy is access to care. Nurse practitioners (NPs), for example, are often limited by restrictive scope-of-practice regulations in many U.S. states, which prevents them from practicing to the full extent of their training. According to the American Association of Nurse Practitioners (2023), removing these barriers through Full Practice Authority (FPA) legislation leads to improved healthcare access, especially in underserved and rural areas. Nurses can also influence patient safety policies by advocating for safe staffing ratios, infection control measures, and systems that promote transparency and quality care.

May 7, 2025
May 7, 2025

Climate Change Discussion

The case study for this chapter explored climate change, the effects of which are being acutely felt in Oceania.

Imagine that you have been hired to research and advise a nonprofit environmental protection group seeking to mitigate the human impact of climate change. Which of these measures do you support as the best way to address global changes in climate? You might consider what impacts are currently being felt by the islands of Oceania.

Climate Change Discussion

 

1. Promote renewable sources of energy and pressure governments to financially support clean energy initiatives.,

2. Support education and awareness campaigns that promote personal changes, and individual actions people can take at home, school, work, and on the road to minimize their impact on the environment.

3. Create and support international climate change agreements.,

4. Partner with developing countries to support sustainable paths to economic development.,

5. Find ways for people to adjust to and live with changing climate conditions regardless if these changes are naturally occurring or human-caused.,

Justify your answer directly referencing the textbook and/or the assigned articles.

Eugenia, Olivia. “Climate Change Effects in Oceania | World Series Part 4.” IYOPS, 14 Nov. 2021, https://www.iyops.org/post/climate-change-effects-in-oceania .

Herman, Doug. “What Climate Change Will Mean for the People of Oceania.” Smithsonian Magazine, 27 Mar. 2015, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/what-climate-change-means-for-people-of-oceania-180954775/.

Obama, Barack . “Remarks by the President at U.N. Climate Change Summit.” Whitehouse.gov, 23 Sept. 2014, obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/23/remarks-president-un-climate-change-summit.

To open the resources above, cut and paste them and open from there. I could not get them to open up from this page.

Obama, Barack . “Remarks by the President at U.N. Climate Change Summit.” Whitehouse.gov, 23 Sept. 2014, obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/23/remarks-president-un-climate-change-summit.

To open the resources above, cut and paste them and open from there. I could not get them to open up from this page.

Obama, Barack . “Remarks by the President at U.N. Climate Change Summit.” Whitehouse.gov, 23 Sept. 2014, obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/23/remarks-president-un-climate-change-summit.

To open the resources above, cut and paste them and open from there. I could not get them to open up from this page.

 

 

May 7, 2025

Competitors’ Relative Strengths in the Marketplace

Using the recommendation you provided in Milestone One, you will develop a strategy to implement the IoT innovation and move ahead in the marketplace.

Scenario

You work as a middle manager for one of the top U.S. producers of luxury and mass-market automobiles and trucks. To remain a viable competitor and meet the demands of consumers’ desire for technology, your company’s chief technology officer (CTO) has decided to implement the internet of things (IoT) in your company’s product line. You are now leading a cross-functional team to move forward with the company initiative.

In Milestone One, you and your cross-functional team looked at the risks and benefits of discontinuous and incremental innovation, competitors in the market, and your company’s internal capability for moving forward with the IoT innovation. After doing this analysis, you presented your recommendation to various stakeholders about how to proceed. You chose one of the following:

A. Design a completely new product line, based on the recent technology (discontinuous innovation)

Competitors’ Relative Strengths in the Marketplace

 

B. Add recent technology features into one model and then incrementally into the broader product line (incremental innovation)

The CTO has accepted your recommendation. Now you are ready to develop a strategy for taking the innovation to market. In order to develop a strategy, you will need to look at your competitors’ relative strengths in the current marketplace, to understand how your company compares to your competitors, and to identify the total market and the market’s annual growth rate. Finally, you also need to share your thoughts on how to respond to changes in business conditions. Although no one can predict what is going to happen, it is important to think about how flexible your plan is in order to meet unexpected conditions.

Directions

Using the recommendation you provided in Milestone One, develop a strategic plan to implement the innovation and gain competitive advantage. Use Power BI to analyze the Comparative Growth Data included in the Power BI User Manual linked in the Supporting Materials section. You should also refer to the Sales Forecast, Comparative Growth Data, and Comparative Operating Statistics linked in the Module One Memo Guidelines and Rubric to complete this milestone.

 

1. Follow the directions in this document to create the required charts using Power BI., Analyze the  competitors’ relative strengths in the marketplace.,

A. Write a short paragraph describing the growth rate of each competitor based on the data included in the comparative growth data sheet.,

B. How much of the market does each competitor now own? Do you see a trend of gaining or losing market share? Present your findings using the comparative growth data sheet and Power BI.,

i. Complete your pie charts and analysis for the market share percentage of cars and trucks now and in 2030.,

ii. Complete your pie charts and analysis for the market share percentage of connected cars and trucks now and in 2030.,

C. Determine each competitor’s financial strength by looking at their  comparative operating data.

1. Explain how your  company’s market share compares to your competitors’.

A. Is your company gaining or losing market share from 2020 to 2030? Expand on the analysis done in Task 1 above and explain the major factors behind the change in market share.

B. What is your company’s growth potential in the industry?

C. How do your company’s financials look compared to your competitors’?

2. Identify  future potential total available market (TAM) and growth for each chosen product/service and technology.

A. What is the global TAM for annual cars and light trucks in 2020, in billions?

B. What is the global TAM for IoT-connected cars and light trucks in billions?

C. What is the projected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for cars and light trucks?

D. What is the projected CAGR for IoT-connected cars and light trucks?

3. Identify ways to adjust if  business conditions change.

A. What strategies can you implement if your customers are slow to purchase the innovation?

B. What actions can you take if one competitor is overtaking all the others, including your company?

4. Describe the steps your company needs to take from  concept outline  to launch. Consider your learnings from the previous two modules to ensure the steps are easy to understand for your team.

A. What is the size and scope of development that will be necessary to successfully launch the IoT innovation?

B. Will you require additional capital and personnel to support the development and launch?

C. How would you approach determining the timeline from the beginning of development until initial product launch?

iv. Consider key milestones, relevant metrics, project phases, and any tools or methods you would use for measuring progress.

What to Submit

Submit a 4- to 7-page Word document, devoting one page to each critical element described above, along with an introduction and a short executive summary. Include a screenshot of the charts created for competitors’ relative strengths using Power BI on page 1. Place the graphic at the top of the page with bullets underneath. Sources should be cited according to APA style

May 5, 2025

Understanding Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Assessment Description

After reviewing the topic assigned chapters and the electronic resources in your study Topic Resources, choose between bipolar, major depression, or a somatic disorder. Create a newsletter or brochure that is between 750–1,200 words, either through Canva.com, Microsoft Word, or Microsoft PowerPoint, to address the following:

  • Describe the chosen disorder and the assigned code from the current DSM.,
  • Identify which psychological model best fits this disorder (i.e. biological cognitive).,
  • Discuss the etiology of this disorder and the common symptoms, including the manifestation of the symptoms.,
  • Identify the different forms of treatment and therapy commonly prescribed for this disorder., Discuss the efficacy while considering a multicultural worldview.,
  • Examine the values and belief systems about behavioral health disorders across cultures. Explain how the various stigmas or beliefs would affect treatment options.
  • List national and local resources where someone can receive support for this disorder.
  • Include a minimum of two scholarly sources to support your assignment.

Understanding Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

Understanding Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

DSM-5-TR Code: 296.2x / 296.3x


What Is Major Depressive Disorder?

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), commonly referred to as depression, is a serious and common mood disorder that negatively affects how a person feels, thinks, and behaves. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), MDD is categorized under codes 296.2x for a single episode and 296.3x for recurrent episodes. The disorder is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest, and cognitive and physical symptoms that impair daily functioning.


Psychological Model: The Cognitive Model

The cognitive model, developed by Aaron Beck, is particularly applicable to MDD. This model suggests that depression is largely the result of distorted thinking and negative cognitive patterns. Individuals with MDD often hold dysfunctional beliefs about themselves, the world, and the future — what Beck called the “cognitive triad.”

However, biological factors such as genetics and neurochemical imbalances also play a crucial role, and often a biopsychosocial model is most appropriate for treatment planning.


Etiology: Causes of Major Depression

MDD is multifactorial in origin. Common contributing factors include:

  • Biological: Low levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine; family history of depression.

  • Psychological: Negative thinking patterns, low self-esteem, trauma.

  • Environmental: Stressful life events, poverty, isolation, substance abuse.


Common Symptoms of MDD

To meet diagnostic criteria, symptoms must be present nearly every day for at least two weeks:

  • Persistent sadness or emptiness

  • Loss of interest or pleasure in activities

  • Significant weight loss or gain

  • Insomnia or hypersomnia

  • Fatigue or loss of energy

  • Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt

  • Difficulty concentrating or making decisions

  • Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

These symptoms can manifest emotionally (hopelessness), physically (fatigue, pain), and behaviorally (withdrawal, neglecting responsibilities).


Treatment and Therapy Options

Treatment for MDD is highly individualized and may include:

1. Psychotherapy:

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Helps patients reframe negative thoughts.

  • Interpersonal Therapy (IPT): Focuses on improving relationships and communication.

2. Medications:

  • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): e.g., fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft)

  • Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs): e.g., venlafaxine

  • Tricyclic antidepressants or MAOIs in treatment-resistant cases

3. Other Approaches:

  • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): For severe or treatment-resistant cases.

  • Lifestyle Interventions: Regular exercise, healthy diet, sleep hygiene.


Understanding Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Multicultural Considerations & Treatment Efficacy

In many cultures, mental health disorders such as depression may be misunderstood or stigmatized. For instance:

  • Asian and Latinx cultures may emphasize physical symptoms or somatization over emotional ones.

  • African American communities may rely more on spiritual coping or distrust mental health systems due to systemic biases.

  • Indigenous populations may benefit from community and ritual-based healing rather than traditional Western therapy.

Culturally adapted therapies have proven more effective than generic models. Providers must incorporate cul