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August 15, 2023

Family Social Determinants of Health

Family Social Determinants of Health. Describe the SDOH that affect the family health status. What is the impact of these SDOH on the family? Discuss why these factors are prevalent for this family. Based on the information gathered through the family health assessment, recommend age-appropriate screenings for each family member. Provide support and rationale for your suggestions. Choose a health model to assist in creating a plan of action. Describe the model selected. Discuss the reasons why this health model is the best choice for this family. Provide rationale for your reasoning. Using the model, outline the steps for a family-centered health promotion. Include strategies for communication.

Introduction

The health and well-being of a family are influenced by various social determinants of health (SDOH). These factors encompass economic, social, and environmental conditions that shape an individual’s health status and access to healthcare services. In this paper, we will explore the SDOH affecting a specific family’s health status, analyze their impact, and recommend age-appropriate screenings for each family member. Furthermore, we will select a health model that aligns with the family’s needs and outline a family-centered health promotion plan for their overall well-being.

Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) Affecting the Family:

The SDOH that influence the family’s health status may include:

Socioeconomic Status

Income level, education, and employment opportunities can significantly impact access to healthcare and resources.

Neighborhood and Environment

Living conditions, access to healthy food, safe neighborhoods, and environmental factors can influence overall health.

Social Support

The presence of a strong social support network can positively impact mental and emotional health.

Healthcare Access

Availability and affordability of healthcare services play a crucial role in maintaining family health.

Impact of SDOH on the Family

The identified SDOH can have profound effects on the family:

Limited Resources

Families facing financial constraints may struggle to afford healthcare, medications, or nutritious food, leading to adverse health outcomes.

Stress and Mental Health

Living in challenging environments or lacking social support can contribute to stress and impact mental health for both parents and children.

Health Disparities

Disparities in healthcare access may result in delayed or inadequate medical attention, affecting early detection and prevention of illnesses.

Age-Appropriate Screenings and Recommendations

Based on the family health assessment, the following age-appropriate screenings are recommended:

Children

Routine well-child visits, developmental screenings, and age-appropriate vaccinations are essential to monitor growth and detect any developmental delays.

Adolescents

Regular physical exams, mental health screenings, and preventive health measures, such as immunizations and reproductive health counseling, are vital during adolescence.

Adults

Periodic health check-ups, screenings for chronic conditions (e.g., blood pressure, cholesterol levels), and cancer screenings (e.g., mammograms, Pap smears) are recommended for adults.

Seniors

Regular screenings for age-related health issues, such as osteoporosis, vision, and hearing, along with preventive services like flu vaccines, are essential for seniors.

Health Model -The Socio-Ecological Model (SEM)

The Socio-Ecological Model (SEM) is an effective framework for understanding health behavior and promoting well-being. This model recognizes the interaction between individuals and their environments, highlighting the influence of multiple layers of influence on health outcomes. Family Social Determinants of Health.

Rationale for Choosing the SEM

The SEM is the best choice for this family due to its holistic approach to health promotion. Considering the family’s diverse range of SDOH, the SEM allows us to address multiple factors affecting their health status and design interventions that encompass individual, interpersonal, community, and societal levels.

Steps for a Family-Centered Health Promotion

Using the SEM, the steps for a family-centered health promotion plan are as follows:

Individual Level

Identify each family member’s specific health needs and preferences through personalized health assessments.

Interpersonal Level

Encourage open communication and strengthen family bonds to provide emotional support and foster a healthy environment.

Community Level

Connect the family with local resources, support groups, and community health services to improve access to healthcare and social support.

Societal Level

Advocate for policies that address health disparities, improve healthcare access, and promote a healthier living environment for the entire community.

Strategies for Communication

Effective communication is crucial for a successful family-centered health promotion plan. Employ the following strategies:

Active Listening

Give each family member a chance to express their health concerns and preferences, valuing their input.

Empathy and Support

Show genuine care and understanding to foster trust and cooperation within the family.

Health Education

Provide age-appropriate health education materials and workshops to empower the family with knowledge to make informed health decisions.

Conclusion

Family Social Determinants of Health. Addressing the social determinants of health is essential for promoting the well-being of families. By identifying the factors influencing the family’s health status, recommending age-appropriate screenings, and using the Socio-Ecological Model as a guiding framework, we can create a comprehensive family-centered health promotion plan. Through effective communication and collaboration, this plan aims to enhance the family’s overall health and pave the way for a thriving and resilient future. Use APA referencing style.

August 15, 2023

Fraud Interview

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Fraud Interview

Introduction

Bernard Ebbers was a convicted fraudster, the cofounder and CEO of WorldCom. The company conceded to accounting misrepresentation of around four billion US dollars and filed for bankruptcy in July 2002 (Cernusca, 2007). The figure increased to eleven billion resulting in a series of investigations and litigations. Fraud examiners need excellent interviewing skills to obtain concessions and disclosures, mainly when dealing with difficult situations such as a defensive suspect such as Bernard Ebbers. He was on several occasions observed to pass the blame on to the subordinates. This paper will outline how I would prepare for the fraud interview with Bernard Ebbers and how I would begin.

Preparation for the Fraud Interview

The first phase in preparing for the interview is to make a list of objectives (Vinluan, 2015). Setting targets helps you shape your investigative interviews and puts things into perspective. These objectives may include collecting information about the facts, such as the duration of the fraud perpetrated, parties implicated, and their respective role in the company. The interview’s goals include establishing the allegation’s validity, adhering to legal requirements, and ensuring as much confidentiality as possible. Other objectives include protecting the reputation of Bernard Ebbers and WorldCom.

Fraud Interview. The first step in risk assessment is to identify the company’s primary concern. The company’s main issues are often related to its compliance program’s circumstances and elements (Albrecht et al., 2015). To keep the more thorough assessments in line, one must be aware of the company’s overall compliance concerns. Before the interview, I would obtain all the necessary information I know about Bernard Ebbers and his involvement in WorldCom’s day-to-day management as part of my homework in preparing for the interview. It would involve taking time to find out what happened, the uncovered facts about the fraud, privacy laws, and WorldCom’s concerns. For instance, I realized that WorldCom, a globally successful telecommunications corporation, tried to falsify approximately four billion US dollars in revenues on its earnings report in 2001 (Kennon, 2020). It accomplished this by tampering with its financial records, which affected its comprehensive income statement, statement of financial position, Form 10-K filing, and annual report.

Additionally, I would look into what the board of directors and the managers think of Bernard Ebbers. I realized that the company’s deceitful accounting results from the executives’ collaborated manipulations from my investigations. In summary, The CFO of WorldCom, Scott Sullivan, defrauded the company by spreading its operational expenses using a form of capital expense account called property accounts (Cernusca, 2007). By treating capital expenditures under the accrual accounting method, it supported the company to report the expenses in minor increments over time rather than disclosing them all at once to shareholders. According to Kennon (2020), WorldCom overstated earnings by three billion US dollars in 2001, reporting one and half billion US dollars profit rather than a loss. Various interviewing techniques are adopted for multiple tactics such as applying pressure legally, qualifying evidence, taking the notes without making the accused tense, and securing a written and undersigned admission (Albrecht et al., 2015). As observed in various fraud cases, evidence alone is not always conclusive for taking action against a crime. On several occasions, a confession is the only way to solve a financial crime.

Fraud Interview. Adopting the fraud triangle is a good technique for understanding the reasons behind an individual’s decision to commit fraud (Homer, 2019). It consists of rationalization, incentive, and opportunity, and it depicts the incidents that occur in the mind of a fraud examiner as they determine risk and make recommendations. Opportunity refers to the factors that make it possible to commit fraud. In WorldCom, avenues for committing fraud were many with ineffective internal controls, an unfavorable atmosphere by the company leadership, and deficient accounting standards. The term impetus is the pressure related to an individual’s attitude toward fraud (Homer, 2019). The weight to attain or exceed analysts and shareholder expectations in retaining or surging share prices led to Bernard Ebbers and WorldCom committing fraud. Major shareholders for the company are retirees who have invested in the dividend-paying stock.

As a fraud examiner, I would consider the possible motivations when examining proof of workplace fraud. The motive is the driving force behind an individual’s actions (Albrecht et al., 2015). However, the purpose should not be confused with intent, which refers to the suspect’s mental state when the act was committed. In contrast to intent, motive is not a required part of committing a crime. In most cases, the law disregards an individual’s motivation when determining guilt or innocence. In WorldCom and Bernard Ebbers’s case, the motive was to misrepresent facts so that investors get an appealing picture of the company’s financial health and economic reality (Cernusca, 2007). Notably, the motive is relevant for other reasons: it can help identify the perpetrator; it can also guide the interviewer to the correct rationalization; it can also implicate the suspect, and it can help ensure a successful prosecution.

Fraud Interview. Rationalization allows the interviewer to communicate to the offender as an adult, enabling the interviewer to use communication skills to establish rapport. Rationalizations imply the existence of a mentality, attitude, or collection of moral values that would allow executives to commit fraud (Albrecht et al., 2015). One might argue that learning a fraudster mindset is critical in playing mind games with them during an admissions interview. However, understanding how rationalization perpetuates deception as a fraud interviewer teaches you that you can’t judge people based on your guidelines because they don’t have them. Since white-collar fraudsters often do not believe they have committed any crime, it is essential to tailor interviews to their rationalizations (Vinluan, 2015). Refusal of decisions and responsibility is a crucial sign in a fraud investigation as the suspect usually projects rationalization outcomes, as was the case with Bernard Ebbers. The latter passed the blame on his subordinates.

Some of the questions I would ask Bernard Ebbers would include WorldCom model principles and financial interests and his feelings about the company’s stock valuation or WorldCom’s economic success, as these issues are likely to display frustration. Such frustration provides an incentive to probe for details, ultimately leading to Bernard Ebbers venting. As the interviewer, I would realize that I have the chance to change strategies to make the Bernard Ebbers feel justified for his conduct to obtain truthful responses and eventually a countersigned statement from him. The recommendation is that a fraud examiner uses non-consecutive questions about the fraud’s particulars to see if the answer is consistent (Vinluan, 2015). Similarly, the details involved in a fraud case can be confusing at times. To counteract this, I intend always to seek clarification from Bernard Ebbers. I’ll be able to tell whether I’ve heard his narrative by recalling statements and reiterating details. Notably, misinterpreting or misunderstanding what an interviewee is trying to say could jeopardize the investigation. The interview should be lengthy and in-depth enough to reveal relevant details.

How to Begin the Interview

Before the interview, it is always ideal to select a conducive environment for conducting the exercise. The perfect interview room should be small and without windows, with only two chairs for the suspect and the interviewer (Vinluan, 2015). It should not encompass any distractions such as outside noises, wall paintings, among other things. Once I meet Bernard Ebbers, I would be friendly and begin by shaking hands and engage in small talk on the way to the interview room. When questioning Bernard Ebbers about alleged fraud, I will start with some simple context questions to get a sense of his reactions. Regardless of how friendly I make the interview atmosphere, Bernard Ebbers will most likely feel uneasy. I plan to better understand his reactions and natural behavior by asking Bernard Ebbers questions about his experience at WorldCom and the obligations of his job (Albrecht et al., 2015). Potential background questions include: how long have you been with the firm? What is the title of your position? What does a typical day in the office look like for you? What is the scope of your responsibilities?

Being harsh, criticizing, or demeaning a suspect only makes the interview or interrogation a failure as it shuts them down, preventing disclosure opportunity. One can rely on their instincts to get confessions as we always tell when telling the truth or lying in our social contexts (Vinluan, 2015). Before beginning the interview with Bernard Ebbers, I would try to relate with him to understand what motivated him to commit the fraud by using my life encounters as emotional tools. A good example would be utilizing my background in Accounting or Auditing as a fraud investigator. I will also be sincere with the suspect and try to empathize with him to gauge whether I relate to him or get through him. I would also use body language to connect with Bernard Ebbers since it’s the unspoken part of communication that allows us to express our true thoughts and feelings. As a form of communication and relationship building, people unconsciously mimic each other’s nonverbal cues (Vinluan, 2015). As a fraud examiner, I can help Bernard Ebbers relax by indirectly expressing my body language. Furthermore, body language offers the interviewer the chance to assess the degree of rapport established by switching posture and monitoring the interviewee’s response. This information will help determine whether to enter delicate interrogation areas or continue to build a rapport with Bernard Ebbers.

Conclusion

As observed, setting targets helps you shape your investigative interviews and puts things into perspective (Vinluan, 2015). Before beginning the interview with Bernard Ebbers, I would try to relate with him to understand what motivated him and his company to commit fraud. I would also interview in a conducive environment for obtaining the best results. It is recommended that a fraud examiner uses non-consecutive questions about the fraud’s particulars to see if the answer is consistent. The interview should be lengthy and in-depth enough to reveal relevant details. Use APA referencing style.Fraud Interview.

References

Albrecht, W. S., Albrecht, C. O., Albrecht, C. C., & Zimbelman, M. F. (2015). Fraud examination. Cengage Learning.

Cernusca, L. (2007). Ethics in accounting: The WorldCom Inc. scandal. Lex ET Scientia Int’l J., 14, 239.

Homer, E. M. (2019). Testing the fraud triangle: a systematic review. Journal of Financial Crime.

Kennon, J. (2020). The WorldCom Scandal Explained | How One of the World’s Largest Companies Made $3.8 Billion Disappear. The Balance. https://www.thebalance.com/worldcom-s-magic-trick-356121.

Vinluan, F. (2015). Tips for conducting a forensic interview. Journal of Accountancy, 219(2), 22.

August 15, 2023

Bio-Inspired Cybersecurity

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Bio-Inspired Cybersecurity. Summary of Bio-Centered Cybersecurity for Communications and Networking

Wireless networking has had a major influence in a variety of fields. High-Performance Computing is used in research laboratories, financial markets, media, and weather forecasting to achieve parallel processing, live streaming, accurate IT, and predictive analytics (Bitam, Zeadally & Mellouk 68). Similarly, the automated immune response, collective consciousness, evolutionary algorithms, and cell and molecular biology-based methods are used to advance e bio-inspired cybersecurity.

Networks and communications systems use cyber protection to protect their properties from malicious hackers, hostile entities, criminals, protestors, and unexpected shifts in the network setting (Jithish &Sankaran 3785). Anti-virus, invasion prevention and discovery, vulnerability behavior examination, identification, honeypots, and retaliation are only a few examples of cybersecurity tools and frameworks with their origins in bio-inspired methods.

Bio-Inspired Cybersecurity. Mammalian immune systems serve as a foundation for the artificial immune system (AIS) mapped on cyberspace to implement effective cybersecurity. Even in the face of unknown threats, the immune system’s response is an extremely adaptive mechanism (Mazurczyk et al. 58). As a result, it seems obvious to use the same processes in computer networks for self-organization and self-healing operations. AIS techniques have also proven beneficial in security scenarios such as virus and intrusion detection.

Numerous organic and bio-inspired algorithms were modeled for executing protected, intensive computing in powerful computational applications to improve the security of such data-driven networks (Bitam, Zeadally & Mellouk 69). Swarm intelligence for cellular networks, for example, is a bio-inspired methodology that uses a broad collection of machine learning techniques to categorize the optimum functions, which can then be used to detect cyber-attacks in wireless networks. To identify and mitigate attacks in a device.

A honey bee-centered bio-inspired software with foraging approaches is commonly used for its self-organizing function in multiple systems. A Self-Organized deviation discovery system Inspired by Bees explains an intriguing idea of a self-organized anomaly detection system (Jithish &Sankaran 3787). The social dynamics of honey bees as recognized in nature influenced this bio-centered approach. Participants in honey bee foraging do not establish the search goal in advance; instead, they realize irregularities (resources) as they come across them (Mazurczyk et al. 59). The foraging methods could be mapped to computer device networks to track and minimize distributed attacks carried out in an automated manner. Bio-Inspired Cybersecurity.

The current bio-centered methods developed for enhancing cyber protection of cyber-physical structures (CPS) using broadcast communication networks are examined. The authors suggest Swarm Intelligence for WSN Cybersecurity (SIWC), a standardized bio-inspired artificial intelligence model that fixes the shortcomings of previous bio-inspired strategies (Jithish &Sankaran 3787). SIWC is a swarm intelligence-trained neural network system that automatically determines the best critical parameters for detecting cyber-attacks. The fundamental concepts are straightforward. Persons, or structures that cooperate on a larger mission, adhere to a set of basic rules that result in incredible global actions.

On the other hand, bio-inspired infection algorithms are designed to detect malicious activity in communication paths by concealing adversary behaviors through transmissive attacks (Bitam, Zeadally & Mellouk 71). Algorithms focused on Bio-inspired RF cryptography developed for prohibiting snoopers from discovering the data by signaling through encoded chirp radio waves in military communications. Thus, in intensive distributed computing environments, nature and bio-inspired algorithms can help improve security and network efficiency.

Research Problem

Many current and proposed information network frameworks have resulted from advancements in communication and networking technologies. These developments include recognizable radio interconnectivity, detector and operator networks, quantum transmission interconnectivity, and software-defined networks (Suárez, Gallos & Fefferman 281). Nonetheless, several common substantial challenges must be addressed for these current and future networking paradigms to be realized in practice.

While bio-inspired cybersecurity models have produced several exquisite remedies to such problems, a large percentage of these attempts have been haphazard parallels between natural and human-designed systems (Jithish &Sankaran 3788). The current investigation method, through the extensive distinction of established organic algorithms for one that most approximately resembles each recent network security threat and subsequent attempt to reproduce it in a built computerized environment, remains a challenge.

The development of bio-inspired algorithms in cybersecurity often relies on creating independent analogies between imminent risks and natural processes (Bitam, Zeadally & Mellouk 72). Although great caution is always exercised in creating such parallels and the subsequent customization of the copied software techniques to suit critical infrastructure requirements, deviating too far from the normal environment can undermine the remedy’s work, making the act of looking to science for ideas exhausting and even meaningless.

The overload of the network by intentionally created but instead useless content, such as DoS and DDoS attacks, is one type of malicious Internet attack that is of widespread concern (Suárez, Gallos & Fefferman 282). These attacks can have a significant impact on the effective management of packets by any nodule that is in the attack’s route. Timely discovery of varying traffic quantity or trends is a key issue in network security, as adept approaches give security professionals more time to implement prevention measures.

Proposed Solution

Researchers can adopt a functional abstraction procedure, determining the organic algorithm’s aspects that offer the most efficacy in the actual world and subsequently using those generalized characteristics as layout features to create deliberate, customized, and possibly enhanced solutions (Jithish &Sankaran 3787). Feedback loops, such as constructive feedback to trigger actuation or data aggregation, and negative feedback for network congestion management and smooth regulation, have been adapted to address open problems in networking due to continued research. Similarly, weighted probabilistic methods for task allocation, managed communication, and congestion management, as well as local state knowledge for effective data fusion, energy control, and clustering.

Similarly, the genetic algorithm generates moving target security by directly manipulating device configurations such as applications and operating systems to find complex, stable setups put into operation at different times (Rauf 6705). The motivation for this concept is that the algorithms’ different configurations will cause the attacker’s awareness of the system to be disrupted. As a result, the attacker operates on erroneous or continuously shifting information, putting more effort into the attack and increasing the chances of identification. These techniques lead to different levels of approaches and algorithm designs for effective, stable, and resilient communication and knowledge networks at each of the networking layers.

Current and future knowledge networks must have self-management, evolvability capacity, and survivability capacities. To meet such requirements, connectivity must be outfitted with a collection of intelligent programs and mechanisms similar to those found in organic systems. For instance, in highly partitioned networks, an outbreak propagating instrument could be changed for effective data transmission and aggressive routing in a lag lenient networking setting (Suárez, Gallos & Fefferman 283). Lookup tables, either homogeneous or heterogeneous, are commonly used in Peer-2-Peer (P2P) interconnectivity to provide exploration.

However, in unorganized distributed P2P networks, the effort to locate information can readily become the decisive element (Jithish &Sankaran 3788). Adoption of ant-centered methods in this realm is anticipated to resolve some of the traditional challenges. In this case, the user program is a standard ant-centered question routing technique in P2P connectivity.

Epidemic propagation is also adopted as an example to demonstrate data distribution in cellular ad hoc connectivity (Bitam, Zeadally & Mellouk 74). In computer networks, disease communication has a wide variety of applications. Predominantly, the emphasis is on forwarding in provisional cellular networks with rising popularity in aggressive routing. Communication is transmitted amidst gadgets that come into close concurrence to find a designated receiver finally. With substantial growth in network magnitude both extensively and in the number of hubs, close coordination of information interchange becomes impractical (Rauf 6695). In general, Ant colonies and other insect colonies that perform global tasks without being controlled by a centralized entity could be used to develop conversation methods for framework-free connectivity environments.

Critique

Because the objective of the internet security sphere is to create robust infrastructures that can reconstruct themselves without compromising operational requirements, service accessibility, functionality, and risks involved with these features cannot be overlooked (Suárez, Gallos & Fefferman 285). Ant colony optimization and immunology-inspired methods can primarily be used for encroachment detection by thoroughly analyzing the underlying concepts of nature-inspired frameworks.

By their very nature, these structures do not have any fundamental concept that can be aligned to the network security context for reaction and recovery (Jithish &Sankaran 3782). The key drawback of these frameworks is that they cannot accommodate user-oriented protocols or limitations because reactivity and rehabilitation systems typically operate on a foundation of certain prearranged procedures and constraints.

The current cybersecurity system has multiple innate shortcomings that make the management of existing network protection equipment unattainable and offer the attacker irregular advantages after decades of deployment (Rauf 6701). These limitations result from a lack of strong correlations among network elements, a lack of self-awareness, and self-correcting mechanisms; obtaining global knowledge is difficult. These approaches are computationally complex and require users to choose a variety of input variables.

Bio-Inspired Cybersecurity. Another important distinction is that biological variables are affected by age and adjacent material, while computerized variables do not change with age; rather, their variance is caused by events, making continuous or discrete differential mechanisms difficult to apply (Mazurczyk et al. 59). Markedly, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are essential in CPSs, especially for functions like surveillance and control. However, these WSNs are vulnerable to a variety of cyber threats that can result in the loss, theft, or damage of delicate information, as well as the deterioration of CPS services. use MLA paper format.

Works Cited

Bitam, Salim, Sherali Zeadally, and Abdelhamid Mellouk. “Bio-inspired cybersecurity for wireless sensor networks.” IEEE Communications Magazine 54.6 (2016): 68-74.

Jithish, J., and Sriram Sankaran. “A Bio-Inspired Approach to Secure Networked Control Systems against Adversarial Delays.” Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 36.4 (2019): 3779-3790.

Mazurczyk, Wojciech, et al. “Bio-inspired cyber security for communications and networking.” IEEE Communications Magazine 54.6 (2016): 58-59.

Rauf, Usman. “A Taxonomy of Bio-Inspired Cyber Security Approaches Existing Techniques and Future Directions.” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 43.12 (2018): 6693-6708.

Suárez, Gonzalo, Lazaros Gallos, and Nina Fefferman. “A Case Study in Tailoring a Bio-Inspired Cyber-Security Algorithm: designing anomaly detection for multilayer networks.” 2018 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW). IEEE, (2018): 281-286.

August 15, 2023

Case Study – Negligence Legal Issues

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Case Study – Negligence Legal Issues

Question 1

Identification and Discussion of Legal Issues

In the case of Xin, he intends to sue the Margaret River camping ground for his injuries, arguing that they should have replaced the net or at the very least warned of the danger posed by the hole in the net. The legal issue highlighted here is negligence. Negligence is the failure to take plausible care to evade causing damage to another person. It entails a legal obligation on the part of the public to behave in a certain way to minimise the risk of harm to others.

In law, to prove negligence, we will use the 2014 Court of Appeal of New South Wales in Reid v Commercial Club (Albury) Ltd [2014] NSWCA 98. It was a petition for a personal injury lawsuit where the Albury commercial club was the defendant. Reid awarded costs after failing to determine any violation of an obligation by the defendant at first instance. On June 18, 2010, the appellant was injured while attending an accolade night ceremony at the defendant’s property in Albury. The plaintiff broke her anklebone and sustained a foot injury while strolling to the podium in the theater where the event was held after missing the stairs to the ballroom and falling (Reid v Commercial Club, 2014). The accused, who was the owner and dweller of the Commercial Club Albury, was sued by the plaintiff, charging that the defendant had violated an obligation of care overdue to her. Case Study – Negligence Legal Issues.

Even though the ballroom was below the elevation of the stage itself and that the bulb had been darkened for dancing after the awards presentation, the judge found no violation of duty by the accused at first instance. It was a situation involving the responsibility of the occupier (Reid v Commercial Club, 2014). The Court of Appeal held that the liability of a premises occupier to users of its property is to take reasonable responsibility to eliminate a possible threat of injury to participants. Still, the duty does not apply to avoiding all risks, keeping in mind that what is reasonable can differ depending on the complainant’s entry into the property.

In the case of Joey, she intends to sue Margaret River’s local authority (the council) for failing to install a barrier around the cliff’s edge. The legal issue developed in this scenario is a tort arising out of negligence. In common law jurisdictions, a tort is a civil misdeed that results in harm or damage to a plaintiff and entails legal responsibility for the person who caused the injury (CHAN, 2016). Duty, breach of duty, cause, and damage are the four components of any good tort case. A violation of obligation by the respondent against the complainant that led to an injury must have occurred for a tort claim to be well-founded.

In law, to prove negligence and the precedent obligation of a government agency, the Australian High Court in the case of Romeo v Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory in 1998 will be adopted. Nadia Anne Romeo dropped six meters from the peak of the Dripstone Mountains onto the Casuarina Beach in rural Darwin on April 24, 1987. Romeo was paralyzed from the waist down due to severe injuries. She sued the appellant, the Northern Territory Conservation Commission, for damages in the Supreme Court.

The High Court declined to hold the Commission liable. The Conservation Commission was accused of negligence for failing to warn of the cliff’s existence or install a fence or other barrier at the cliff’s edge (Romeo v Conservation Commission, 1998). The Court determined that there was no need for the Conservation Commission to bear responsibility in this case because the danger was evident, and holding otherwise would have far-reaching implications for public access to the natural environment around the country. Case Study – Negligence Legal Issues.

In Jerene’s case, the legal issue is negligence. Jerene wants to sue Margaret River’s local government (the council) for the cost of her physiotherapy and other recovery services because the Town allowed surfboards in the designated swimming area. In law, to prove negligence, the New South Wales Supreme Court case of 1990 between Glasheen and The Council of the Municipality of Waverley will be used. Rebecca Glasheen, 14, was wounded while surfing in white water between the flags at Bondi Beach on a foam surfboard. She became permanently disabled after being struck by a fibreglass surfboard or hitting her head on the seabed while attempting to evade capture (Glasheen v. The Council, 1990). At the time, one lifesaver on duty said he hadn’t seen any surfboard riders in the flagged field.

Sharpe J was tasked with determining whether the council could be held liable for harms suffered in the surf at a public beach or whether policy considerations covered it (Glasheen v. The Council, 1990). He also looked at whether the city council had a responsibility to uphold a private cause of action. Both issues were decided in favor of the plaintiffs. According to the facts of the event, lifeguards’ primary responsibility is to keep a close eye on swimmers in designated areas, which included the prohibition of ‘hard’ surfboards. Sharpe J ruled that the lifesaver had failed to properly supervise the flagged area since surfboard riders were discovered in the area.

Examination and Analysis of Information

Xin intends to sue the Margaret River camping ground for his injuries, arguing that they should have replaced the net or at the very least warned of the danger posed by the hole in the net. The legal principle that the defendant’s wrongful actions must proximately incur damages governs the recovery of damages by a plaintiff in a case (Dietrich, 2015). Injuries are likely to be limited to those that the defendant might reasonably expect. There could be no responsibility if the defendant did not predict that their conduct would cause harm to others. Damages in tort are awarded to put the victim in the position he would have been in if the tort had not occurred.

As for Joey, she intends to sue Margaret River’s local authority (the council) for failing to install a barrier around the cliff’s edge. In Margaret River’s local authority’s defence they will quote that Joey and her friend Jerene could not notice the warning sign due to intoxication. They could also assert that the degree of obviousness of the danger warrants individuals to practice self-care. In exceptional circumstances, the defendant would be required to show that they were not reckless (Kyriakakis et al., 2019). It will only happen if the damage does not have occurred if sufficient precautions had been taken, because there is no other reason for what happened, known as res ipsa loquitor, or the thing that speaks for itself. After all, the defendant was in command of the situation while the victim was not.

Therefore, Joey can use the concept of contributory negligence as a defence. Contributory negligence happens when the claimant is partially to blame for his injury, and the defendant may use this as a defence (Thampapillai, 2015). Depending on the degree to which the complainant is judged liable for his loss, the Court can reduce any damages. The defendant has the burden of proving that the complainant was at fault and therefore led to their injury. Although the injuries are consolidated to represent the degree to which the complainant was responsible for their injuries, the defendant remains liable.

In the case of Jerene, she wants to sue the council for the cost of her physiotherapy and other recovery services. Those in charge of beaches owe a duty of care to swimmers using beaches under their jurisdiction. Areas of possible neglect include insufficient monitoring of designated swimming areas, failure to warn of hidden or unusual naturally occurring hazards, and failure to warn of dangerous surf conditions (Dietrich, 2015). Therefore, Jerene qualifies for special damages due to lost wages and medical bills and general damages and injury.

Case Study – Negligence Legal Issues. In any claim of negligence, the primary remedy would be a payment of damages. The claimant’s injury must be of a sort that is reasonably probable (Dietrich, 2015). If a reasonable individual might have expected how the crash, malfunction, or damage will occur, the loss is reasonably predictable. As a general rule, the complainant must establish that the defendant breached the duty of care. Use APA referencing style.

August 15, 2023

Teaching Bilinguals – Case Study

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Teaching Bilinguals – Case Study. Video 1: Getting Acquainted.

Question 1. Due to globalization, communities worldwide increasingly become multilingual and multi-ethnic, with Florida not being an exception. It has a long tradition of speaking and using Haitian Creole, Vietnamese, and Portuguese, Spanish, and Native People languages, among many others. During my study in Florida, I realized that native students are willing to interact with bilingual students and learn the basics of foreign languages. However, I also noted that peer teams in schools formed on an ethnic language basis were mostly recent migrants with settled students speaking English with their associates regardless of their home language practices.

The state has over one hundred bilingual education programs whereby two or more languages are used as mediums of instruction to study academic content such as mathematics and sciences (Coady et al., 2015). It could be argued that Spanish and English are the most popular languages in bilingual education programs, with English taught as a new language. Similarly, students in bilingual learning programs achieve high bilingualism levels without jeopardizing their first language or academic success in subject areas.

Question 2

The advocates of English language learners in Florida were represented by a Multicultural Education, Training and Advocacy, Inc. (META) coalition. It was composed of civil rights and educational organizations such as the ASPIRA of Florida, the Haitian Refugee Center, and the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) (Coady et al., 2015). Other groups included the Haitian Educators’ Association, the Spanish American League against Discrimination (SALAD), the Farmworker’s Association of Central Florida, and the American Hispanic Educators’ Association of Dade (AHEAD).

Florida’s concession injunction lays out the protocols for identification and assessment, enrolling students in the English as a second language program, exiting learners from the program, and tracking students who have left the program (Coady et al., 2015). It also offers a framework for impartial entry to suitable categorical and another programming for English Language Learner (ELL) pupils. The decree addresses ELL students’ civil rights, encompassing their privilege to unbiased entry to all academic services. The concession injunction institutes a framework that guarantees that ELL participants receive understandable instruction as per their entitlement to remedy these conservations (Coady et al., 2015). Notably, consent decrees are legally binding if the parties agreed to them. It implies the injunction can only be confronted if a single party perpetrated a fraud or if there was a collective error or the court did not have jurisdiction over the issue. Teaching Bilinguals – Case Study.

Question 3

Translanguaging is the practice of using several languages in an integrated communication system by multilingual speakers. It is the ability to use bilingualism creatively, intentionally, critically, and flexibly. Translanguaging in the classroom will include translating between languages, contrasting and playing with multiple languages, and adopting the native language in a particular event section. In contrast, the institutional language is suitable in a different section. In other areas, words and phrases from various languages are mixed in verbal or written utterances.

Question 4

Scaffolding is the mechanism of segregating learning into workable portions and offering a procedure, or scheme, for each learning activity. Various scaffolding strategies such as pre-teaching vocabulary, visual aids, and giving learners time to talk are usable. Teachers must scaffold translanguaging tasks and help students understand how translanguaging can support their learning in school to optimize translanguaging teaching strategies. Scaffolding that is coherent and well-designed will enable classroom communities accept translanguaging as a standard.

The evidence suggests that learning is more straightforward, meaningful, and lasting when new concepts, language, and terminology are related to what we already know. Therefore, translanguaging is used as a strategy to develop supportive learning structures. For instance, by enabling bilingual students to add another language’s lexical and grammatical structures, it is possible to create a more precise target language and an excellent way to make ends meet (Daniel et al., 2017). Also, an interactive read-aloud in one language, while the discussions, prompts, notes, and answers are in multiple languages, is a successful approach. Notably, metalinguistic understanding is supported by strategies such as contrasting the languages side by side. Pairing students strategically to create bilingual texts and to have bilingual glossaries readily accessible in the classroom is a good blend for promoting translanguaging practices while also creating scaffolding structures.

Teaching Bilinguals – Case Study. Video 2: Being an Advocate for Bilingual Students

Question 1

Firstly, Ms. Conte promotes a classroom and school culture of celebrating bilingualism by acknowledging student’s language identities and strengths. She lets students thrive in possession of different languages and feel excited by the prospect rather than feel threatened. Ms. Conte achieves this by striving to show that their languages are instruments to help them succeed in their learning, their livelihoods, and their academics. She has also implemented a language in culture portraits at the begging of the year to develop association in the classroom for students to socialize and master each other’s language and ways of life.

Secondly, Ms. Conte has implemented reading books featuring multilingual and multicultural characters to build empathy across existing differences. This way, the teacher also becomes a co-learner alongside the students. Notably, most teachers at Bedford Hills Elementary School are not bilingual despite the students being multilingual. On the positive side, the teacher’s participation in learning a new language helps Ms. Conte develop empathy by understanding what the students go through every day to master a foreign language.

Markedly, it is essential to develop a meaningful relationship between theory and practice. I recommend Ms. Conte implement additional activities with the involvement of inter-language. A good example is comparing short stories among students under the whole language approach of utilizing feedback from other students while also learning to generate their input. Another approach would be to design activities where students talk about their experiences concerning the topic being studied. Such scenarios should be structured to discuss and safeguard their point of view without worrying about accuracy. Teaching Bilinguals – Case Study.

Question 2

Multicultural books are an efficient mechanism for learners to acquire a higher appreciation of their way of life and different people’s cultures. Correspondingly, mastering to communicate with and seriously interpret the articles they read, learners develop better intellectual skills (Valdiviezo & Nieto, 2015). Multicultural readers will educate students about various cultures and encourage them to participate in fruitful discussions about diversity. Students would be exposed to the real-world issues that certain people face today if these subjects are discussed openly at a young age. I have participated in such a practice as an observer. The teachers provided English Language Learners (ELL) with multilingual literature of Spanish and English origin to help them establish a stable base in Spanish as a native language and aid in mastering English as a new language.

This bilingual literature allowed students to study in their native language despite still learning jargon and sentence formation in the new language. It was interesting to see how children who learn to speak and read in several languages can transfer skills and information between languages and improve their fluency in both. Afterward, there were exercises used to contrast and compare international students’ practices and lifestyles with other English-speaking communities, such as charts, sketches, mind maps, and collages. In both popular and uncommon subjects, cards are suitable for comparing and contrasting specific ideas or social aspects in foreign and native cultures.

Question 3.

People who have had success reading in their first language would be more eager to try reading in other languages. Bilingual books of high quality allow them to expand their vocabulary in both languages (Espinosa, 2015). People who learn to speak and read in several languages will pass skills and expertise between languages and be more fluent in both. Bilingual books enable readers to remember in their native language while still learning vocabulary and sentence structure in the second. Students will more readily see parallels between words and compare and learn sentence structure in bilingual books since sentences in both languages are adjacent to each other. It makes such students more likely to test out their recently discovered proficiency skills in a foreign language.

Question 4.

Teaching Bilinguals – Case Study. Through the act of Ms. Conte implementing reading books featuring multilingual and multicultural characters, she also becomes a co-learner alongside the students. Notably, most teachers at Bedford Hills Elementary School are monolingual despite the students being multilingual, with Ms. Conte being one of them. However, Ms. Conte notes that the practice is challenging from a teacher’s perspective because she has to lose some control over the classroom since she also doesn’t know what is being said about or what is happening around her. Her experience of the teacher’s participation in learning a new language and the loss of control helps Ms. Conte develop empathy by understanding the students’ challenges every day trying to learn a new language. Leaving the room for students to express themselves in the classroom creates an avenue for the learners to develop their creative spark essential in language learning. Use APA referencing style.

August 14, 2023

Decision on Pursuing MSN Program

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Decision on Pursuing MSN Program. You have probably seen one or more of the many inspirational posters about decisions. A visual such as a forked road or a street sign is typically pictured, along with a quote designed to inspire. Often decisions are not so easily inspired. Perhaps you discovered this when choosing a specialty within the MSN program. This decision is a critical part of your plan for success, and you no doubt want to get it right. This is yet another area where your network can help, as well as other sources of information that can help you make an informed choice. Reflect on your decision to pursue a specialty within the MSN program, including your professional and academic goals as they relate to your program/specialization. Post an explanation of your choice of a nursing specialty within the program. Describe any difficulties you had (or are having) in making your choice, and the factors that drove/are driving your decision. Identify at least one professional organization affiliated with your chosen specialty and provide details on becoming a member.

August 14, 2023

Eradicating Gun Control

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Eradicating Gun Control. Why Should the Government Eradicate Gun Control? Introduction paragraph that Includes your thesis sentence and identifies the one scholarly article you have chosen to explore on a topic problem in your current profession or programmatic field of study. Additionally, your body paragraphs will be expected to address these ideas: Describe the issue or topic that the article provides information on. Summarize the article’s findings on the identified problem. Interpret the information in your chosen article. Comment on why the article is useful and should be read, including how it contributes to a deeper understanding of the problem discussed. Consider how the article illuminates the effects on the profession or professionals within the discipline as well as potential short-term and/or long-term impacts the problem is having on the profession or field of study. Your conclusion paragraph should. Summarize your professional response, highlighting any major takeaways on the underlying topic.

August 14, 2023

Instructional Plan Proposal

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Instructional Plan Proposal. Produce an instructional plan. Prepare this for a potential employer, using the following scenario: You have a job interview for your ideal context and position. The interviewing team has asked that you prepare an instructional plan proposal for the interview. They want to review your understanding of adult learners. Demonstrate what you know about meeting adult learners’ diverse needs by creating a proposed plan that details your ideas for teaching them. Describe the kinds of activities and assignments you will have in your classroom and explain why (e.g., cite the literature to explain your approaches and choices in your originally designed instructional plan). Plan includes 6-8 specific activities and assignment ideas with descriptions. Plan includes explanations, backed by the literature, for each activity or assignment idea. Plan demonstrates knowledge of adult learners. Produce an instructional plan. Prepare this for a potential employer, using the following scenario: You have a job interview for your ideal context and position. The interviewing team has asked that you prepare an instructional plan proposal for the interview. They want to review your understanding of adult learners. Demonstrate what you know about meeting adult learners’ diverse needs by creating a proposed plan that details your ideas for teaching them.

Describe the kinds of activities and assignments you will have in your classroom and explain why (e.g., cite the literature to explain your approaches and choices in your originally designed instructional plan). Plan includes 6-8 specific activities and assignment ideas with descriptions. Plan includes explanations, backed by the literature, for each activity or assignment idea. Plan demonstrates knowledge of adult learners. Produce an instructional plan. Prepare this for a potential employer, using the following scenario: You have a job interview for your ideal context and position. The interviewing team has asked that you prepare an instructional plan proposal for the interview. They want to review your understanding of adult learners. Demonstrate what you know about meeting adult learners’ diverse needs by creating a proposed plan that details your ideas for teaching them. Describe the kinds of activities and assignments you will have in your classroom and explain why (e.g., cite the literature to explain your approaches and choices in your originally designed instructional plan). Plan includes 6-8 specific activities and assignment ideas with descriptions. Plan includes explanations, backed by the literature, for each activity or assignment idea. Plan demonstrates knowledge of adult learners. Use APA referencing style.

August 14, 2023

Stages of Adulthood

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Stages of Adulthood. Interview two individuals that are in different stages of Adulthood. You may choose from the following stages: Emerging/Early Adulthood (20-40), Middle Adulthood (40-65), Late Adulthood (65+). Interview Requirements: Interviews can be conducted via phone, video conferencing, email, or in person. You can select your own questions to be included in the interview. However, the following core questions must be addressed: Basic Demographic Information (age, gender, marital status, employment status). What major goals has the person accomplished so far in life? What are some of the challenges associated with their current stage of life? How does the person feel societal expectations shape their life right now? Identify the stage of life that your selected person fits into (Early, Middle, Late Adulthood). What are some of the associations common to each interviewee’s stage of life? For example, are they an emerging adult starting their first full-time job, at the age in which a mid-life crisis might occur, or stuck in the “Sandwich Generation?” If so, does your interviewee currently fit into any of these common associations? Why or why not? Does it seem any prejudicial or stereotypical behavior is experienced in this person’s stage of life (e.g., based upon their age/gender/sexuality)? Do you believe that this person is developing typically or atypically based upon what you know so far about his/her current stage of life? Apply three specific theories from the course readings that apply to both individuals interviewed.

August 14, 2023

Academic and Professional Development Plan

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Academic and Professional Development Plan.

At some point in every construction project, efforts turn from design and the focus moves to actual construction. With the vision in place and the tools secured, the blueprint can be finalized and approved. Then it is time to put on hardhats and begin work. Throughout the course you have developed aspects of your Academic and Professional Development Plan. You have thought a great deal about your vision and goals, your academic and professional network of support, research strategies and other tools you will need, the integrity of your work, and the value of consulting the work of others. With your portfolio in place, it is now time to finalize your blueprint for success.

Much as builders remain cognizant of the building standards as they plan and begin construction, nurses must remain mindful of the formal standards of practice that govern their specialties. A good understanding of these standards can help ensure that your success plan includes any steps necessary to excel within your chosen specialty. In this Assignment you will continue developing your Academic Success and Professional Development Plan by developing the final component–a review of your specialty standards of practice. You will also submit your final version of the document, including Parts 1–4.

To Prepare:

Review the scope and standards of practice or competencies related to your chosen specialty in the resources for this week. Review the MSN specializations offered at Walden by viewing the week resource, Walden University. (n.d.). Master of Science in Nursing (MSN). Examine professional organizations related to the specialization you have chosen and identify at least one to focus on for this Assignment. Reflect on the thoughts you shared in the Discussion forum regarding your choice of a specialty, any challenges you have encountered in making this choice, and any feedback you have received from colleagues in the Discussion.

The Assignment:

Complete the following items and incorporate them into the final version of your Academic Success and Professional Development Plan. With the resources specific to the MSN specialization and the, Walden University. (n.d.). Master of Science in Nursing (MSN), shared in this week, write a paragraph or make a Nursing Specialty Comparison table, comparing at least two nursing specialties that include your selected specialization and second-preferred specialization. Write a 2- to 3-paragraph justification statement identifying your reasons for choosing your MSN specialization. Incorporate feedback you received from colleagues in this Week’s Discussion forum. Identify the professional organization related to your chosen specialization for this Assignment, and explain how you can become an active member of this organization. Use APA referencing style.

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