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September 3, 2023

Diagnostic research

Diagnostic research is the goal of a diagnostic test is to provide information on the probability of disease. In this article, we review the principles of diagnostic test characteristics, including sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, receiver operating characteristics curves, likelihood ratios, and interval likelihood ratios. We illustrate how interval likelihood ratios optimize the information that can be obtained from test results that can take on >2 values, how they are reflected in the slope of the receiver operating characteristics curve, and how they can be easily calculated from published data.

Diagnostic research on Pediatric hospitalists uses diagnostic tests and clinical prediction rules to decrease diagnostic uncertainty and inform a child’s management. Nevertheless, health care providers often recommend tests without considering each test’s diagnostic characteristics,1 and over testing can lead to false-positives and -negatives, incorrect diagnoses, and overtreatment.2 Understanding test characteristics can enhance pediatric hospitalists’ ability to practice evidence-based medicine.

Some diagnostic tests have naturally dichotomous results, whereas other tests can be made into dichotomous tests by selecting a cutoff value. Dichotomous tests provide a binary answer to the question of whether a patient has the disease.

Diagnostic research is among individuals without the disease, specificity is the probability that a test will be negative. Specificity is calculated as TN/(TN + FP). If the nitrite test has a 98% specificity, this means that, among 100 children who do not have UTIs, 98 will have a negative nitrite test and be correctly identified as not having a UTI and 2 will have a falsely positive result. A false-positive result may worry the individual, waste limited resources, and lead to unnecessary additional tests or treatments. Tests that have perfect specificity will not have any false positives. Specificity can only be calculated among people who do not have the disease. Sensitivity and specificity are generally assumed unaffected by the pretest probability (the probability of disease before learning the test result), although this is not always the case. Use APA referencing style.

September 3, 2023

Discussion Labor

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Discussion labor in Social Science History seeks to advance the study of the past by publishing research that appeals to the journal’s interdisciplinary readership of historians, sociologists, economists, political scientists, anthropologists, and geographers. The journal invites articles that blend empirical research with theoretical work, undertake comparisons across time and space, or contribute to the development of quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis. Social Science History is the official journal of the Social Science History Association.

Discussion labor in this article attempts a political economy of the social sciences in order to assess the state of the social sciences at the global level. The focus is on the relations between the social sciences in the First and Third Worlds. The political economy approach that is utilized for this purpose is academic dependency theory. The condition of academic dependency is related to the global division of labor in the social sciences, which, I argue, plays a significant role in maintaining the structures of academic dependency. Discussion labor in Social Science History seeks to advance the study of the past by publishing research that appeals to the journal’s interdisciplinary readership of historians, sociologists, economists, political scientists, anthropologists, and geographers. The journal invites articles that blend empirical research with theoretical work, undertake comparisons across time and space, or contribute to the development of quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis. Social Science History is the official journal of the Social Science History Association. The focus is on the relations between the social sciences in the First and Third Worlds. The political economy approach that is utilized for this purpose is academic dependency theory. The condition of academic dependency is related to the global division of labor in the social sciences, which, I argue, plays a significant role in maintaining the structures of academic dependency. Use APA referencing style.

September 3, 2023

Product Chain

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Product chain Summarizes the key product/service offered by your organization, including the role of the customer service department or direct service required to make a sale to the customer. Create and defend a diagram or flowchart detailing the service delivery process. The chart should clearly identify each contact point (e.g., frontline employee, supervisor, delivery, etc.) before, during, and after the purchase. Your defense of the diagram should detail the role of each contact and assess why each role is critical to the entire service delivery process. (For assistance Analyze at least three possible contact point failures in the service delivery process for your organization. Why do you consider these to be possible contact point failures? Justify recommendations to prevent or address the potential contact point failures and enhance service delivery in your organization.

Be sure to consider how customers will benefit by your recommendations. Defend a statement positioning the brand around the new/improved services. Product chain Summarizes the key product/service offered by your organization, including the role of the customer service department or direct service required to make a sale to the customer. Create and defend a diagram or flowchart detailing the service delivery process. The chart should clearly identify each contact point (e.g. frontline employee, supervisor, delivery, etc.) before, during, and after the purchase. Your defense of the diagram should detail the role of each contact and assess why each role is critical to the entire service delivery process. (For assistance Analyze at least three possible contact point failures in the service delivery process for your organization. Product chain Why do you consider these to be possible contact point failures? Justify recommendations to prevent or address the potential contact point failures and enhance service delivery in your organization. Be sure to consider how customers will benefit by your recommendations. Defend a statement positioning the brand around the new/improved services. Use APA referencing style.

September 3, 2023

Marketing strategy

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A marketing strategy is a long-term plan for achieving a company’s goals by understanding the needs of customers and creating a distinct and sustainable. Rapidly changing market conditions have put intense pressure on B2B revenue teams. Marketing and sales professionals must think harder and work smarter to find and engage more buying teams — and they must convert those that are buying more effectively. Companies succeeding today are adapting quickly. They’re using data proactively. And they’re leaning into innovative ways to set themselves apart.

Marketing strategy join us for three days packed with thought-provoking sessions as we dive deep into how companies can thrive in 2024 and beyond. Experts from across the B2B landscape will share how they’re evolving across-the-GTM approaches to productively deliver against demanding business objectives. Middle market companies face a variety of new challenges daily including ever-increasing competition. You know that optimizing efficiency is critical for increasing profitability, but where do you start?

Marketing strategy At RSM, we immerse ourselves in your business so we can gain a deeper understanding of your challenges and apply a personal approach to business optimization and efficiency. This is especially important when it comes to business optimization and efficiency. We’ll work with you to identify what can be done better, faster and at less cost. Then we’ll help you map the next steps to change.

Marketing strategy is when resources are properly allocated and processes are waste-free, you can capture competitive advantage and empower your organization to take the lead—now and in the future. A marketing strategy refers to a business’s overall game plan for reaching prospective consumers and turning them into customers of their products or services. A marketing strategy contains the company’s value proposition, key brand messaging, data on target customer demographics, and other high-level elements. When resources are properly allocated and processes are waste-free, you can capture competitive advantage and empower your organization to take the lead—now and in the future. A marketing strategy refers to a business’s overall game plan for reaching prospective consumers and turning them into customers of their products or services Use APA referencing style.

September 3, 2023

Theory Application

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Theory application Describe how the theory you selected can be used to guide the processes of assessment, intervention, and evaluation. Discuss why you believe your chosen theory will be most valuable to you in your social work practice. Compare and contrast the theory you selected with at least two other theories, explaining why the theory you selected is a better fit for your practice.

Theory application and Behavioral and social science research and theories are relevant to promoting health and preventing disease in the population. This article discusses the major health challenges confronting developed and developing countries, the contribution of social and behavioral factors to current global health challenges, and current approaches to addressing health problems. Finally, it considers the importance of using social and models to providing a comprehensive understanding of all the determinants and influences relevant to a particular health issue, and informing the development of efficacious, practitioner-delivered lifestyle–change interventions to address these issues at a public health and societal level is distinguished from traditional anthropological and social science theory in its emphasis on the individual as the unit of selection and the idea that much of the content of culture is a consequence of decisions by individuals to enhance their inclusive fitness. Ever since its founding as a discipline, anthropologists have argued that individuals sacrifice themselves to enhance the integration or survival of the social systems in which they participate or are much like puppets or robots manipulated by culture (Cronk 1991). Furthermore, any attempt to reduce or link cultural behavior to lower levels of analysis was specifically condemned. Human behavior was believed to have emergent properties irreducible to the facts of psychology and biology. While it is clear that some of human behavior are not usefully reduced to underlying psychological or biological processes simple observation tells us that humans are biological and psychological entities and some of the behavioral diversity can be usefully d to underlying levels of analysis. Use APA referencing style.

September 2, 2023

Colonization – Economic vs Religious Views

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Colonization – Economic vs Religious Views

Part I

One of the major themes in this week’s readings and lectures is the disconnect between the religious justification for colonization and the economic incentive underlying colonization. The Spanish in particular struggled to reconcile their goal of converting the Americas to Catholicism with the conquistadors’ manic propensity for violence and exploitation.

Write a brief paragraph providing evidence of the religious and profit-driven rationale for colonization. Use at least two examples from the De las Casas readings (“The Black Legend” and the preface from Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies) to show how the Dominican friar favors the religious justification. How does he portray the indigenous Americans, and how does he portray the Europeans? Why do you think he portrays them this way? (In other words, what is his bias?). Colonization – Economic vs Religious Views.

Compare De las Casas’ account with Bernardino de Sahagun’s “The Battle for Tenochtitlan”. Use at least two pieces of evidence from the Sahagun reading. How does Sahagun portray the indigenous Americans, and how does he portray the Europeans? Why do you think he portrays them this way? Again, what is his bias? You may either discuss this in a separate paragraph or weave the information of each reading together in a single paragraph. Who do you think provides a more objective description of events, De Las Casas or Sahagun?

Part II

Colonization – Economic vs Religious Views. Olaudah Equiano and Phillips paint a vivid picture of the Atlantic Slave Trade in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In another paragraph, use at least 2 examples from The Life of Olaudah Equiano and “A Journal of a Voyage Made in the Hannibal of London 1694” to explain how the slave trade was an interconnected, globalized endeavor. How do the two readings corroborate each other? I would like you to identify demographic patterns (gender, ethnicity, age, or economic status) among those who participated in the slave trade. In your paragraph, formulate your own argument about the slave trade based on evidence from the readings and lecture. Use APA referencing style.

September 2, 2023

Historical Context Analysis

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Historical Context Analysis

Part I:

As The Execution of Charles I reading demonstrates, a primary source is the product of the historical context and biases surrounding the author. There is always a lot of subtext in a primary source, so you need to read between the lines. With this in mind, let’s do some detective work with this week’s readings!

Please write 1-2 concise paragraphs connecting “The Trial of Joan of Arc” with De Thou’s “Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.” For both readings, I would like you to address the following questions:

Do the authors favor the Reformation or do they support the Catholic Church, and why do you think this is the case? Explain how these documents connect to either “The Council of Trent” or “Martin Luther’s 95 Theses.” That is, how do “The Trial of Joan of Arc” and “Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre” relate to either Martin Luther’s teachings or the Catholic Church’s response to the Reformation. (Hint: even if the reading favors the Catholic Church, there might still be Protestant teachings in there.) Have at least 2 in-text citations from each reading. Historical Context Analysis.

Part II:

Historical Context Analysis. Please write a few sentences explaining how Thomas Hobbes (author of Leviathan) would react to the execution of King Charles I. This does not need to be a full paragraph, but I would like you to include 2 in-text citations (at least one should be from Leviathan. The other can be from Leviathan, lecture, or The Execution of Charles I.) Use APA referencing style.

September 2, 2023

Islamic Vs. European Empires

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Islamic Vs. European Empires. Historians tend to claim that the Islamic empires (Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal) were notably tolerant. Indeed, these empires demonstrated a high level of open-mindedness toward religious and ethnic minorities when compared to their European contemporaries. How accurate was this historical narrative?

Part I

Write a short paragraph using 3 examples as evidence supporting this view. 2 pieces of evidence should be quoted or paraphrased from 2 different readings (i.e.: 1 piece of evidence per reading) and 1 piece of evidence should be from lecture. Include an in-text citation for each piece of evidence. In your paragraph, explain how your evidence proves that the Islamic empires were tolerant of religious and ethnic minorities. You may also talk about Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal treatment of women.

Part II

So… you know how modern academia is infamous for only being able to deconstruct existing narratives, and now we’re forever trapped in a cycle of seeking nuance and finding only obfuscation? Let’s do that! Write a short paragraph using 3 examples as evidence supporting an opposing viewpoint. 2 pieces of evidence should be quoted or paraphrased from 2 different readings (i.e.: 1 piece of evidence per reading) and 1 piece of evidence should be from lecture. Include an in-text citation for each piece of evidence. In your paragraph, explain how your evidence proves that the Islamic empires were only tolerant of religious and ethnic minorities when it suited their goals. Construct this paragraph as if Part I were your counterargument, and Part II is your rebuttal. (In other words, acknowledge the opposing viewpoint in this paragraph.)

Islamic Vs. European Empires. Write a short paragraph using 3 examples as evidence supporting this view. 2 pieces of evidence should be quoted or paraphrased from 2 different readings (i.e.: 1 piece of evidence per reading) and 1 piece of evidence should be from lecture. Include an in-text citation for each piece of evidence. In your paragraph, explain how your evidence proves that the Islamic empires were tolerant of religious and ethnic minorities. You may also talk about Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal treatment of women. Use APA referencing style.

https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/islam/1493janissaries.asp

https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/montagu-smallpox.asp

September 2, 2023

Technology in China

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Technology in China.

Part I

In the chapter titled “China, Technology, and Change,” Lynda Shaffer analyzes the following questions: why did China—which invented block printing, compass, and gunpowder—not use these inventions to jump-start a scientific and industrial revolution? Why were the inventions not revolutionary at home? Shaffer argues these questions are based on the false assumption that China did not change as a result of these inventions. In reality, China changed a great deal, but Eurocentric histories often ignore this fact.

Write a brief paragraph analyzing Matteo Ricci and Père du Halde’s perspectives on technology in China. Which reading corroborates Shaffer’s argument? How are Matteo and Père’s accounts different? More importantly, why are they different? Using this week’s lectures (and, if you’re feeling ambitious, your textbook) provide historical context and speculate what changed for China or Europe in the 80-year interval between these two accounts. In your response include at least 1 in-text citation per primary source and at least 1 in-text citation referencing one or more of Dr. Wood’s lectures from this week. Technology in China.

Part II

Technology in China. Connect Will Adam’s account and the Sakoku Edict (Closing of the Country) with John Nelson’s article. Adam’s account is from 1611 and the edict was issued in 1636—only 25 years later. Write a short paragraph addressing the following: 1. summarize the two primary sources; 2. analyze why Japan’s policy toward foreigners changed so drastically in such a short period of time. In your response include at least 1 in-text citation per primary source and at least 1 in-text citation referencing one or more of Dr. Wood’s lectures from this week. Use APA referencing style. Resources https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/eastasia/1372mingmanf.asp

September 2, 2023

National Indicators of Wealth

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National Indicators of Wealth. Give a brief introduction about your country and include any pertinent information you’d like. Indicate the information below will be reviewed to determine the current indicators of wealth (economics) of your country. Discuss the indicators of wealth including (explain each indicator and discuss the values of each):

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

Median income

GINI Index

Economic Freedom Score

Human Development Index

OECD Better Life Index (if applicable – not all countries have been evaluated)

What is the cost of a day’s meal you created? Choose the most traditional meals from your chosen country. You will have to look up typical foods and the cost of these foods. You can find this information, though it may take you some time. If you have a contact in the country you’re reviewing, ask if they can give current costs. Or, look at supermarkets websites in that country. National Indicators of Wealth.What is the average daily wage? How much is rent typically (chose a location in the country, it can be urban or rural) How much is water per liter if water is not potable (clean via tap)? How much is gasoline per liter? After you’ve determined the costs above, does the average person have enough money to meet their nutritional needs (kcal/nutrients) based off median income and/or daily wage? How can all these be used to indicate wealth and how a country and its civilians are doing overall?

National Indicators of Wealth.What is the cost of a day’s meal you created? Choose the most traditional meals from your chosen country. You will have to look up typical foods and the cost of these foods. You can find this information, though it may take you some time. If you have a contact in the country you’re reviewing, ask if they can give current costs. Or, look at supermarkets websites in that country. What is the average daily wage? How much is rent typically (chose a location in the country, it can be urban or rural) How much is water per liter if water is not potable (clean via tap)? How much is gasoline per liter? After you’ve determined the costs above, does the average person have enough money to meet their nutritional needs (kcal/nutrients) based off median income and/or daily wage? How can all these be used to indicate wealth and how a country and its civilians are doing overall?

Cite and reference in AMA format. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/ama_style/index.html

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