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September 5, 2023

Hypothetical Legal Problem – Camilla

Hypothetical Legal Problem – Camilla. Camilla’s financial advice firm provides you (her client) with advice regarding the establishment of an online business supplying mail-order coffee beans to customers around Australia. Your written (and signed) contract contains the following clause:

Camilla’s firm agrees to provide you with financial advice on the terms set out in this contract, but under no circumstances shall Camilla be liable for any loss or damage caused by negligence or in any other way whatsoever. You start up your business, on the basis of the advice you receive, but it quickly fails after incurring very large debts. The advice provided by Camilla’s firm was negligently prepared. It turns out that Camilla had delegated preparing the advice to a very junior (and inexperienced) colleague. When they weren’t sure what to do, they flipped a coin to decide whether or not to advise in favour of starting up your business. You contact Camilla seeking compensation, but she refuses, pointing to the exclusion clause set out above. This takes you by surprise. You hadn’t read the contract before signing it (you were in a hurry at the time), and you didn’t know that the exclusion clause was in there. You are concerned about the legal consequences of the situation mentioned and seek advice from a Generative AI system regarding its contract law implications. The AI system responds with the following advice:

‘The main issue is whether the exclusion clause in the contract is enforceable in this situation, given that the client did not read the contract and was unaware of the clause at the time of signing. In contract law, exclusion clauses are terms in a contract that seek to limit or exclude one party’s liability for certain types of loss or damage. Hypothetical Legal Problem – Camilla. The enforceability of exclusion clauses depends on several factors. The enforceability of the exclusion clause in Camilla’s contract is uncertain in this case. Several factors, including the lack of notice to the client and the attempt to exclude liability for negligence, could weigh against its enforceability.’

Part A – Using the Generative AI produced response above, identify the elements of the IRAC method that are reflected in this response. That is, identify which sentence(s) addresses the issue, rule, application, and conclusion steps of the IRAC process.

Hypothetical Legal Problem – Camilla. Part B – The Generative AI response provided is incorrect and lacks identification of all legal issues. Additionally, it does not accurately apply the law to the facts. Your task is to present a clear overview of the legal situation. You are therefore required to write a new response that explains whether Camilla’s financial advice can firm rely on the exclusion clause, according to the law of contract? Explain why or why not. Refer to relevant legal cases to support your analysis and ensure that you fully explain the legal position you have taken. This question is worth 5 marks. Use APA referencing style.

September 2, 2023

Colonization – Economic vs Religious Views

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Colonization – Economic vs Religious Views

Part I

One of the major themes in this week’s readings and lectures is the disconnect between the religious justification for colonization and the economic incentive underlying colonization. The Spanish in particular struggled to reconcile their goal of converting the Americas to Catholicism with the conquistadors’ manic propensity for violence and exploitation.

Write a brief paragraph providing evidence of the religious and profit-driven rationale for colonization. Use at least two examples from the De las Casas readings (“The Black Legend” and the preface from Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies) to show how the Dominican friar favors the religious justification. How does he portray the indigenous Americans, and how does he portray the Europeans? Why do you think he portrays them this way? (In other words, what is his bias?). Colonization – Economic vs Religious Views.

Compare De las Casas’ account with Bernardino de Sahagun’s “The Battle for Tenochtitlan”. Use at least two pieces of evidence from the Sahagun reading. How does Sahagun portray the indigenous Americans, and how does he portray the Europeans? Why do you think he portrays them this way? Again, what is his bias? You may either discuss this in a separate paragraph or weave the information of each reading together in a single paragraph. Who do you think provides a more objective description of events, De Las Casas or Sahagun?

Part II

Colonization – Economic vs Religious Views. Olaudah Equiano and Phillips paint a vivid picture of the Atlantic Slave Trade in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In another paragraph, use at least 2 examples from The Life of Olaudah Equiano and “A Journal of a Voyage Made in the Hannibal of London 1694” to explain how the slave trade was an interconnected, globalized endeavor. How do the two readings corroborate each other? I would like you to identify demographic patterns (gender, ethnicity, age, or economic status) among those who participated in the slave trade. In your paragraph, formulate your own argument about the slave trade based on evidence from the readings and lecture. Use APA referencing style.

September 2, 2023

Historical Context Analysis

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Historical Context Analysis

Part I:

As The Execution of Charles I reading demonstrates, a primary source is the product of the historical context and biases surrounding the author. There is always a lot of subtext in a primary source, so you need to read between the lines. With this in mind, let’s do some detective work with this week’s readings!

Please write 1-2 concise paragraphs connecting “The Trial of Joan of Arc” with De Thou’s “Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.” For both readings, I would like you to address the following questions:

Do the authors favor the Reformation or do they support the Catholic Church, and why do you think this is the case? Explain how these documents connect to either “The Council of Trent” or “Martin Luther’s 95 Theses.” That is, how do “The Trial of Joan of Arc” and “Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre” relate to either Martin Luther’s teachings or the Catholic Church’s response to the Reformation. (Hint: even if the reading favors the Catholic Church, there might still be Protestant teachings in there.) Have at least 2 in-text citations from each reading. Historical Context Analysis.

Part II:

Historical Context Analysis. Please write a few sentences explaining how Thomas Hobbes (author of Leviathan) would react to the execution of King Charles I. This does not need to be a full paragraph, but I would like you to include 2 in-text citations (at least one should be from Leviathan. The other can be from Leviathan, lecture, or The Execution of Charles I.) Use APA referencing style.

September 2, 2023

Islamic Vs. European Empires

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Islamic Vs. European Empires. Historians tend to claim that the Islamic empires (Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal) were notably tolerant. Indeed, these empires demonstrated a high level of open-mindedness toward religious and ethnic minorities when compared to their European contemporaries. How accurate was this historical narrative?

Part I

Write a short paragraph using 3 examples as evidence supporting this view. 2 pieces of evidence should be quoted or paraphrased from 2 different readings (i.e.: 1 piece of evidence per reading) and 1 piece of evidence should be from lecture. Include an in-text citation for each piece of evidence. In your paragraph, explain how your evidence proves that the Islamic empires were tolerant of religious and ethnic minorities. You may also talk about Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal treatment of women.

Part II

So… you know how modern academia is infamous for only being able to deconstruct existing narratives, and now we’re forever trapped in a cycle of seeking nuance and finding only obfuscation? Let’s do that! Write a short paragraph using 3 examples as evidence supporting an opposing viewpoint. 2 pieces of evidence should be quoted or paraphrased from 2 different readings (i.e.: 1 piece of evidence per reading) and 1 piece of evidence should be from lecture. Include an in-text citation for each piece of evidence. In your paragraph, explain how your evidence proves that the Islamic empires were only tolerant of religious and ethnic minorities when it suited their goals. Construct this paragraph as if Part I were your counterargument, and Part II is your rebuttal. (In other words, acknowledge the opposing viewpoint in this paragraph.)

Islamic Vs. European Empires. Write a short paragraph using 3 examples as evidence supporting this view. 2 pieces of evidence should be quoted or paraphrased from 2 different readings (i.e.: 1 piece of evidence per reading) and 1 piece of evidence should be from lecture. Include an in-text citation for each piece of evidence. In your paragraph, explain how your evidence proves that the Islamic empires were tolerant of religious and ethnic minorities. You may also talk about Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal treatment of women. Use APA referencing style.

https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/islam/1493janissaries.asp

https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/montagu-smallpox.asp

September 2, 2023

Technology in China

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Technology in China.

Part I

In the chapter titled “China, Technology, and Change,” Lynda Shaffer analyzes the following questions: why did China—which invented block printing, compass, and gunpowder—not use these inventions to jump-start a scientific and industrial revolution? Why were the inventions not revolutionary at home? Shaffer argues these questions are based on the false assumption that China did not change as a result of these inventions. In reality, China changed a great deal, but Eurocentric histories often ignore this fact.

Write a brief paragraph analyzing Matteo Ricci and Père du Halde’s perspectives on technology in China. Which reading corroborates Shaffer’s argument? How are Matteo and Père’s accounts different? More importantly, why are they different? Using this week’s lectures (and, if you’re feeling ambitious, your textbook) provide historical context and speculate what changed for China or Europe in the 80-year interval between these two accounts. In your response include at least 1 in-text citation per primary source and at least 1 in-text citation referencing one or more of Dr. Wood’s lectures from this week. Technology in China.

Part II

Technology in China. Connect Will Adam’s account and the Sakoku Edict (Closing of the Country) with John Nelson’s article. Adam’s account is from 1611 and the edict was issued in 1636—only 25 years later. Write a short paragraph addressing the following: 1. summarize the two primary sources; 2. analyze why Japan’s policy toward foreigners changed so drastically in such a short period of time. In your response include at least 1 in-text citation per primary source and at least 1 in-text citation referencing one or more of Dr. Wood’s lectures from this week. Use APA referencing style. Resources https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/eastasia/1372mingmanf.asp

September 2, 2023

National Indicators of Wealth

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National Indicators of Wealth. Give a brief introduction about your country and include any pertinent information you’d like. Indicate the information below will be reviewed to determine the current indicators of wealth (economics) of your country. Discuss the indicators of wealth including (explain each indicator and discuss the values of each):

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

Median income

GINI Index

Economic Freedom Score

Human Development Index

OECD Better Life Index (if applicable – not all countries have been evaluated)

What is the cost of a day’s meal you created? Choose the most traditional meals from your chosen country. You will have to look up typical foods and the cost of these foods. You can find this information, though it may take you some time. If you have a contact in the country you’re reviewing, ask if they can give current costs. Or, look at supermarkets websites in that country. National Indicators of Wealth.What is the average daily wage? How much is rent typically (chose a location in the country, it can be urban or rural) How much is water per liter if water is not potable (clean via tap)? How much is gasoline per liter? After you’ve determined the costs above, does the average person have enough money to meet their nutritional needs (kcal/nutrients) based off median income and/or daily wage? How can all these be used to indicate wealth and how a country and its civilians are doing overall?

National Indicators of Wealth.What is the cost of a day’s meal you created? Choose the most traditional meals from your chosen country. You will have to look up typical foods and the cost of these foods. You can find this information, though it may take you some time. If you have a contact in the country you’re reviewing, ask if they can give current costs. Or, look at supermarkets websites in that country. What is the average daily wage? How much is rent typically (chose a location in the country, it can be urban or rural) How much is water per liter if water is not potable (clean via tap)? How much is gasoline per liter? After you’ve determined the costs above, does the average person have enough money to meet their nutritional needs (kcal/nutrients) based off median income and/or daily wage? How can all these be used to indicate wealth and how a country and its civilians are doing overall?

Cite and reference in AMA format. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/ama_style/index.html

September 2, 2023

State and Local Politics

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State and Local Politics. For the chapter one current event, please review the section titled: The Impact of State and Local Politics on Daily Life. Once you do that, research a recent news article from within the last 6 months that addresses this topic. Download a copy of the current event template (provided below) and answer all 4 questions. For question one, paste the URL of the news article you found from the internet. For question 2 , write a 250 word summary of your news article. Quoted text will not count towards the 250 word minimum. Question three you will need to identify the ways state and local governments affect your daily life. Please provide specific details to support your opinion. For question 4, you are to write a one or two sentence critical thinking question related to the article you just read. What unanswered questions did you find in the article? This question can be related to the subject of the article (such as the President or Governor) or the journalist who wrote the article (biased view point).

For the chapter one current event, please review the section titled: The Impact of State and Local Politics on Daily Life. Once you do that, research a recent news article from within the last 6 months that addresses this topic. Download a copy of the current event template (provided below) and answer all 4 questions. For question one, paste the URL of the news article you found from the internet. For question 2 , write a 250 word summary of your news article. Quoted text will not count towards the 250 word minimum. Question three you will need to identify the ways state and local governments affect your daily life. Please provide specific details to support your opinion. For question 4, you are to write a one or two sentence critical thinking question related to the article you just read. State and Local Politics. What unanswered questions did you find in the article? This question can be related to the subject of the article (such as the President or Governor) or the journalist who wrote the article (biased view point). Use APA referencing style.

September 2, 2023

Typical and Atypical Medications

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Typical and Atypical Medications. There are two major types of antipsychotic medication, both of which manage the positive symptoms of schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, including hallucinations and delusions.

Typical antipsychotics are the first generation of medications, including chlorpromazine and haloperidol. Typical antipsychotics tend to be very effective, yet often come with severe side effects. Older clients are more likely to have been prescribed typical antipsychotics before the newer atypical antipsychotics became available. Atypical antipsychotics are the newer generation of medications; they tend to be better tolerated with less severe side effects (Perry, et al., 2007). Since typical antipsychotics often have severe side effects, they are used when atypical antipsychotics are not effective.

Reference: Perry, P. J. (Ed.). (2007). Psychotropic drug handbook. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Following scenario:

A client, Roger, scheduled an urgent session and is now describing symptoms of active psychosis to you. Roger was previously diagnosed with schizophrenia by a psychiatrist and was given medications to stabilize his brain chemistry; however, Roger is not taking the medications as prescribed because they make him feel trapped and disengaged in his own skin.

Write out a mini script showing what you might say to Roger.

Respond to the following prompts using your mini script.

Provide two potential questions you might ask to determine what Roger understands about his diagnosis and about the role of medications.

Provide two potential questions you might ask to learn about the reasons for medication nonadherence.

Explain the role of medications and counseling alongside a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Include an empathetic reflection to Roger.

Typical and Atypical Medications. Typical antipsychotics are the first generation of medications, including chlorpromazine and haloperidol. Typical antipsychotics tend to be very effective, yet often come with severe side effects. Older clients are more likely to have been prescribed typical antipsychotics before the newer atypical antipsychotics became available. Atypical antipsychotics are the newer generation of medications; they tend to be better tolerated with less severe side effects (Perry, et al., 2007). Since typical antipsychotics often have severe side effects, they are used when atypical antipsychotics are not effective. Use APA referencing style.

September 2, 2023

Practical Suicide Prevention Counseling

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Practical Suicide Prevention Counseling. Effective suicide prevention counseling can literally save a life. With timely interventions, treatment and support, suicides and suicide attempts can be prevented. In crisis counseling, how you encounter the suicidal client may differ from the traditional face-to-face interactions we typically consider for long-term care. Some suicidal clients reach out with a phone call or online messaging. Other times we are given a written case referral and asked to consult for immediate safety planning. Since we encounter suicidal clients in a variety of platforms, this discussion is designated to help you not only perfect your skills in determining how to assess and intervene with a suicidal client, but also to consider the impact of how the client information is presented on our decision making regarding best client care. In this Discussion, you will be assigned a particular case presentation to review. Students with the last name A–I will watch the video recording as if working with a face-to-face or online client. Based on your assigned format, you will assess for risk factors and begin safety planning for your client.

Effective suicide prevention counseling can literally save a life. With timely interventions, treatment and support, suicides and suicide attempts can be prevented. In crisis counseling, how you encounter the suicidal client may differ from the traditional face-to-face interactions we typically consider for long-term care.Practical Suicide Prevention Counseling. Some suicidal clients reach out with a phone call or online messaging. Other times we are given a written case referral and asked to consult for immediate safety planning. Since we encounter suicidal clients in a variety of platforms, this discussion is designated to help you not only perfect your skills in determining how to assess and intervene with a suicidal client, but also to consider the impact of how the client information is presented on our decision making regarding best client care. Practical Suicide Prevention Counseling. In this Discussion, you will be assigned a particular case presentation to review. Students with the last name A–I will watch the video recording as if working with a face-to-face or online client. Based on your assigned format, you will assess for risk factors and begin safety planning for your client. Use APA referencing style.

September 2, 2023

Sleep-wake Illness

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Sleep-wake Illness. Sleep-wake disorders are defined by disturbances to a person’s sleep patterns. Sleep disruptions impact physical, mental, and emotional health. There are 10 groups of sleep-wake disorders described in the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013): insomnia, hypersomnolence disorder, narcolepsy, breathing-related sleep disorders, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders, nightmare disorder, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, restless legs syndrome, and substance/medication-induced sleep disorder.

The two key symptoms of a sleep disorder are fatigue and trouble focusing. People with mental health disorders like depression often have co-occurring sleep-wake disorders. It is critical that the clinician conduct an in-depth assessment when a client presents with a sleep-wake disorder, to include among other questions the following: nutrition, energy drink and other supplement/stimulant use, exercise, trauma history, technology use patterns, social and familial relationship health, and medical history with medication history.

Consider the following scenario:

Alex, a male African American adolescent aged 14, has come to therapy because he is experiencing the symptoms of a sleep-wake disorder. His sleep-wake disorder is disrupting his schoolwork, causing absenteeism from school, and negatively impacting his social engagements due to an increase in irritability and irrational thinking.

Write out a mini script showing what you, the counselor, might say to Alex.

Respond to the following prompts using your mini script.

Provide four potential questions you might ask about Alex’s current sleep hygiene.

Explain the role of counseling alongside sedative hypnotics.

Explain the long-term consequences of a sleep-wake disorder.

Include an empathetic reflection to Alex.

Sleep-wake Illness. Reference: American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Washington, DC: Author. Use APA referencing style.

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